AP World Midterm Exam Guide PDF

Chapter 1: - Pastoral societies:Graze animals- Mongols - Theravada Buddhism: harder - Mahayana Buddhism: Theravada Buddhists' rigorous meditation and absence of supernatural figures was difficult for new converts. For this reason, Mahayana Buddhism was created in the early centu...

Chapter 1: - Pastoral societies:Graze animals- Mongols - Theravada Buddhism: harder - Mahayana Buddhism: Theravada Buddhists' rigorous meditation and absence of supernatural figures was difficult for new converts. For this reason, Mahayana Buddhism was created in the early centuries of the Common Era; it was more widely available and provided a spiritual path to everyone. It was spread the most across the silk roads in monasteries. - The bhakti movement: was a devotion to one or another of India's gods or goddesses. It included the intense adoration of one deity through songs and prayers. Trying to make hinduism simpler because people are leaving so people want to join back. - Confucianism: was a way of thought founded in China by Confucius, confucianism has very patriarchal values - Daoism: Daoism was another school of thought in China. Laozi is its founder. They also believe in dao which is the way of nature. - Judaism: monotheistic - Judaism, Islam, Christianity are all Abrahamic from the Middle east and monotheistic Chapters: 2,3,4 1200-1450 Chapter: 5- 1450-1750 Chapter 2: China and its Neighbors - There are 4 Chinese dynasties that we cover. Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing. - SONG DYNASTY: Hangzhou is the capital of the Song dynasty. The Song dynasty gets smaller because the pastoralists(Mongols) take over the northern half. It was the Golden Age of arts and literature. China is always ruled by a monarchy/emperor and they had an elaborate bureaucracy (a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.) in which people were hired by the government to carry out day to day things like tax collecting. China had a civil service examination system in which mostly rich men could take tests to become bureaucrats. There would be a lot of bribery and cheating on these exams. Sometimes small communities would sponsor a bright boy to take the exam in hopes of becoming rich (the boy would pay back the community to say thank you). These exams were based on Confucianism. - - Evidence for the Economic Revolution: Population grew quickly (because of agricultural production including champa rice from vietnam. (It grew quickly with high yields and was also a drought resistant crop). There was a lot of urbanization and technological/industrial innocations, (metallurgy- crafting metal, coal for energy, printing, shipbuilding and navigational tech, and gunpowder to trade). The economy was very commercialized (there were networks of internal waterways, taxes were paid in cash, and paper money was used)(population/agricultural production, urbanization, industrial production increased, commercialized economy) People would produce things simply to sell them. During this time there was some social mobility for the people of the upper class meaning they could move between social classes, due to the examination system. The patriarchy was enforced with Confucist beliefs- (Loss of opportunities in textile industry, foot binding, can't take civil service test). On the other hand, women could own property, have inheritances, control dowries, and their education improved (only so they could teach their sons). (tribute system with China,kowtow, suck up) - (all of the following followed the tributary system- wanted to trade with China) - Korea: Buddhism, hangul - Vietnam: Buddhism, mandate of heaven, Chunom - Japan: Buddhism(voluntarily),Shinto/samurai+bushido ` Encountering the Mongols (Mongols try to take over China) - YUAN DYNASTY: It is a difficult conquest that lasts around 70 years. Northern China gets destroyed while Southern China is more peaceful. Northern China is more violent because Mongols wanted to destroy all of it for grazing (pastoralists). In doing so, The Mongols were able to unify a divided China- The Mongols were only able to conquer China because they were so divided, it was perfect timing. The Mongols claimed the Mandate of Heaven and took the name of the Yuan Dynasty under Kublai Khan. Mongols were barbaric, foreign and harsh. The Chinese eventually revolted and forced Mongols out of China through factions, inflation, epidemics, and rebellions. (faction- group competing for power, inflation- raising prices, epidemics- plague, rebellions- against Mongols). - MING DYNASTY (1368-1644) After the Mongols, China was able to recover under the Ming Dynasty. There was a large emphasis on the Chinese past, especially Confucianism and elimination of any foreign presence. They restored the civil service exam and made an Encyclopedia with all important things about China, excluding Mongols and wanting citizens to forget that they ever existed). They also had the Forbidden City. The Temple of Heaven is where they pray for good crops and they would pray (daoism, no longer confucianism). They did this to make China more “chinese”. An important figure of this time was Zheng He who was a maritime navigator however, he was not exploring but instead collecting tribute and flexing Chinese wealth. The purpose of his voyages were to protect China's power and establish diplomatic relationships. His voyages came to an end due to several limiting factors such as high costs, the emperor's death, and increasing threats from China's northern borders, and the fact that they had to focus on their own internal struggles like resources. - PERSIA: Chinggis Khan led the first invasion of Persia. A man by the name of Helegu led a second invasion of Persia. These invasions were in present day Iran and were extremely destructive. Baghdad (Iraq) was soon captured- the house of wisdom was here. The Persians were islamic, and so they began to question their faith under Mongol rule because ‘why would their God allow this to happen to them’. The Mongols transformed more in Persia than in China. The Mongols now had a bureaucracy(china), believed in Islam(persia), had persian language(persia), and focused on agriculture(china). Mongol rule eventually collapsed and they assimilated into Persia. RUSSIA: When the Mongols invaded Russia it had devastating effects, there was much violence similar to northern China and Persia. The Russians were unable to unite against the Mongols and they came to call Mongol rule "Khanate of the Golden Horde" because they could see their golden peaked tents in the distance. Mongols did not occupy Russia. This was due to the fact that they lacked sophisticated economy or resources and they were not located along main trade resources. They controlled Russia from the steppes and collected heavy taxes and enslaved peoples. However, they were religiously tolerant to those who accepted Mongol rule.The Mongols did not assimilate into Christian Russian society (Russia=christianity) however in persia they converted to Islam.. Moscow became the main tribute collector and benefited from Mongol Rule.  Some Russian Princes adopted Mongol weapons, tax systems, and military drafts (Mongols influence Russia). Eventually Russia became free of Mongol rule. This was due to the fact that there was division among the Mongols and the spread of the plague.- This allowed Moscow to become the new center of the Russian state. Brutally conquer Russia, don't rule them from Russia, go back to the steppes. REALLY IMPORTANT: Moscow became the main tribute collectors making them rich and powerful so when Mongols go away Moscow stays rich and powerful. Chapter 3: The Worlds of Christendom (1200-1450) When this course started in 1200, Christianity was already split: The Byzantine Empire was a continuation of the eastern half of the Roman Empire with a capital at Constantinople. They lost much territory to expanding Islamic empires and by 1200 it was in decline. The Great Schism was the split of the Byzantine empire into the East Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church. In the Byzantine the ruler was caesaropapism(caesar=political)(papism=pope). This means the ruler had both religious and secular duties. This greatly contrasted the Roman Catholic Church and Western Europe at the time because at this time there was separation between the Church and state in Roman Catholicism, the Byzantine Empire was centered around it being Eastern Orthodox. The Eastern orthodox church split from the Roman Catholic church during the Great Schism in 1054. This was due to a variety of reasons such as language barriers, and differing beliefs. The Crusades had already increased tensions between the Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox because to get to Israel, which was under Islamic rule, the Roman Catholics had to pass through the Byzantine Empire. This led to fighting, creating an even bigger split. The fourth Crusade was extremely significant as it was when Constantionople was seized. The Byzantine Empire was weakened by Turkic and Muslim invasions and the Empire collapsed when the Ottomans conquered Constantinople. The Roman Catholic version of Christianity predominated as the Church played a role in the earlier Roman Empire and it offered "civilized" legitimacy to rulers- The byzantine is in the east, western europe things are messy(dark ages), unification comes from all being catholic). However, many people were still Pagan (not everyone was Christian). Paganism was the religion of the vikings, it is a polytheistic religion that believes in spirits. At this time Europe is on the margins of trade routes( trade was limited by internal geography such as mountains and peninsulas). However coastlines, rivers, rainfall, and fertile soil were beneficial. Feudalism/ Manorialism: Society was fragmented and decentralized because at this time there were alot of wars going on- vassals would serve the lords in exchange for land/other stuff- vassals can become lords and get more land.There was many independent and isolated manor and power was in the hands of competitive warrior elites known as knights. Because lords were fighting against each other they got very good at it which was beneficial to their expansion in the future. Serfdom: Peasants work the land and are not free, but not slaves because they can’t be bought/sold. They are forever in debt but can’t run away because of war and because if someone takes in runaways, they look weak. Wars were very frequent and there was stimulated technological development due to this including gunpowder weapons, shipbuilding, and navigational technology. Monarchs began to consolidate authority but they were still weak and there was no one person in charge(multi-centered system of competing states). The high middle ages were like their ‘golden age’. They had favorable climate, security and stability, and large population growth. Serfdom declined as new areas settled and because of the power of states over lords and the plague. More land was under cultivation (more could be grown), horse resources, three-field crop rotations, were all utilized. These left a heavy toll on the environment. People became less reliant on humans and animals, instead using water and wind mills. This increased production. Serfdom eventually declined due to the fact that new areas were settled, the state had more power over the lord but predominantly the Black Death. Eventually more urbanization led to an increased population with cities like London, Paris, and Venice growing in size. Role of women: many artisan opportunities for women were gone but the urban economy offered new opportunities for women. The Catholic Church offered some opportunities for women such as education but this was mainly for the purpose of teaching them how to be good stay at home moms. By the 1300s most of a woman's independence was gone. Crusades: “holy wars”(ultimately failed) Western European Christians sought to retake the holy land from islamic control. They failed and killed many Muslims and Jews. As a result, the Byzantine empire was weakened, demand for Asian goods increased, Europeans learned about sugar production on plantations and slavery, and islamic scholarship contributed to the European renaissance. They also strengthened cultural barriers. It influenced intolerance in the Americas(when Europeans go to conquer north and south america they force them to be catholic), Anti-semitism, and the christian-muslim divide. Civilizations of the Americas (Aztecs/Mayans-North/Mesoamerica and Incas-South/Andes) Aztecs(Mexica):There, they built the capital city of Tenochtitlan. The Mexica create the Aztec empire and it became the biggest. They claimed descent from earlier Mesoamerican peoples. It was a loosely structured and unstable state with frequent rebellions, subject people providing labor and tribute, local imperial tribute collectors being sent this tribute to Tenochtitlan. There were things called.The idea of human sacrifice was that war captives were enslaved and sacrificed in order to give back to what the gods had done for them. They were very tributary focused. Incas: The Incas were established by Quechua-speaking people and they drew from earlier Andean civilizations. They were a bureaucratic and intrusive empire, whereas the Aztecs were tributary (people were left alone if they paid their tribute). The Incas had an emperor at top (descended from the creator god and sun god). Each province had a governor and local level-local officials incorporated into the imperial bureaucracy, Inca inspectors sent as “check”.. Those who were conquered were required to learn Quechua. Sons of leaders were sent to Cuzvo and conquered peoples also had to accept Incan gods (but they could still practice their own beliefs). Mita was the required labor/service performed for the state, rather than as tribute. In return, the state arranged a large feast. There was gender parallelism in the Andes and Mesoamerica where men and women were separate but shared equal spheres (religion, politics, etc.) The domestic sphere was not seen as inferior. SAQ on being conquered by spaniards, part of european imperial expansion - (The specific wording for the aztec and incan nodes) The Mongol Empire as a Eurasian Trade Network(Bigger and Better from the Mongols- Yuan dynasty) - Mongols only supported international commerce because they could tax it and make money off of it, silk roads protected it. They were pastoral people taking wealth from agricultural civilizations. Mongol China served as a “fulcrum” which is like a seesaw, of AfroEurasian trading systems. They promoted diplomatic relations across Eurasia. People and culture were exchanged, as well as the Mongols forcibly transferring skilled workers and educated people to where they were needed most, and transferring technology. Europe benefited the most new technology, crops, medicine, etc. without suffering from Mongol conquests. The plague or black death spread quickly along the sand road, leading to population decline. This led to labor shortages, peasant revolts (which ended serfdom), technological innovation, and more opportunities for women. Eurasian trade decreased and Europeans then had to track new trade routes. Chapter 4: The Mongol Moment and the Re-Making of Eurasia - The Mongols had a long history of being steppe(grasslands) pastoralists who invaded agricultural societies. This empire was created by Temujin. Mongols had been an unstable collection of tribes and clans, and so Temujin unified them.Mongol success came from Chinggis Khan’s strategy and good timing on both China and the Islamic world, as they were both weak. When their military conquests began, they needed a common task for warriors and resources to pay them as they were fighting other people. The Mongol World War included military campaigns, mass killing, and empire building without precedent in world history. The Mongols incorporated technology, techniques such as how their soldiers were lined up (groups of 10, 100,1000/ technique), brutality, and they mobilized human and material resources through(soldiers, weapons, taking things from other places) Chinngis Khan would fight with his armies, proving to be loyal to his reign​​. Silk Roads: The Central Asian Trade Routes Most of the goods traded on the Silk Roads were intended for the elite and wealthy because the only readily moved commodities had to be expensive in order to compensate for the high costs of transportation. Even though only the elite could afford silk, it affected the lives of ordinary people. For example, peasants in the Yangzi River sometimes gave up the cultivation of food to create silk and porcelain which were destined for the markets of the silk road. Disease was also spread along the Silk Road(black plague). Silk was an extremely important product as it symbolized high status and also had many religious elements tied into it, it was also used as a form of currency. Buddhism is a religion from India but it spread along the Silk Roads as it spread a new form adapted and gained prominence. This was Mahayana Buddhism(defined above), it spread through the monasteries along the roads. Some technological innovations that fueled the Silk Road were yokes, saddles, and stirrups which allowed horses and camels to carry heavier loads. Paper money also made it unecessary to carry heavy metal coins and bills of exchange were a type of payment(promise of payment, like a check). The Mongols encompassed the whole route of the Silk Road and unified it. They improved security on the silk roads and reduced risks of merchants being robbed and they also invested in infrastructure but benefited from the silk roads by taking them. They did this because they knew that they would be able to tax people from it. Sea Roads: The Indian Ocean Trade Routes - Srivijaya: - In Sumatra - Buddhism, got to Srivijaya along the silk roads - Borobudur: - In Java - Buddhism, got to Borobudur via silk roads - An enormous mountain shaped monument that represents the process of Buddhism becoming culturally grounded - Stupas: Buddhist bones and relics - Angkor Wat: - In Vietnam - Hinduism, spread from Southeast Asia→Vietnam - Expresses Hindu understanding of the cosmos - Malacca: - Malay Peninsula - Islam, religion spread from Mecca→Malacca - Center of trade - Swahili: - Swahili Coast of Africa - Islam - Set of city-states - Arab merchants from the Middle East come and spread their religion Sand Roads: A fundamental aspect of the Sand Roads was the Arabian camel. They were able to carry heavy loads and go several days without water making the trek across the Sahara a possibility. Some of the major goods traded on the Silk Roads were glassware, cloth, weapons, books, crops, horses, and gold. The trans- Saharan trade provided the resources and opportunities to create new empires such as Ghana and Mali. Islam was largely introduced by Muslim traders across the Sahara and it was gradually accepted in West Africa. Mansa Musa(gold): A ruler of Mali and prominent pilgrim who undertook the Hajj to Mecca accompanied by enormous amounts of gold, spreading his wealth and that made others want to join Islam. The House of Wisdom: Established by the Abbasid Caliph- al Mamun, the House of Wisdom in Baghdad was a center for research and translation. Stimulated by Greek texts a school of Islam thinkers known as Muzalites argued that reason rather than revelation was the best way to the truth. Islam spreads on Sand Roads, (silk roads is mostly buddhism, sea roads is buddhism islam hinduism) Mini Overview (chapters 2-4): - Vietnam borrowed the confucian writing called chu nam, and retained a cultural identity by having a greater role for women’s social and economic life. - Japan borrowed from Chinese buddhism and taught it in schools, retaining their cultural identities focusing on kami (sacred spirits), and shinto (their religion) - Korea borrowed the chinese style examination system to recruit government officials from Confucianism, and retained their cultural identity by keeping Hangul (korean alphabet). - Silk was the most luxurious product on the silk roads, meant for the elite and wealthy and traded on camels, high transportation cost, farmers left agriculture to make more money by trading silk. - Buddhism spread among the silk roads. The monasteries along them made Buddhism more accessible (Mahayana) and thus more people wanted to join - The bubonic plague was transported with the help of Mongols because as that empire was so strong, they revitalized the roads and this helped to spread it. The plague spread wherever people were because people attracted rats with trash and rats had the plague. It also caused labor shortages, scarce workers wanting higher wages and better conditions, with the rich resisting said demands. This undermined the practice of serfdom. - The Mongols were notorious for their violent nature as they would slaughter cities, leaving a few alive to warn nearby areas. They would organize their troops within groups of 10, 100, 1000, 10000 in order to be the most effective. To capitalize on their small population, the Mongols recruited conquered people into their military forces. - Challenging their barbaric ways, when the Mongols conquered the Song Dynasty, they made accommodations to loosen restrictions upon conquered people. They were also loyal, rulers fighting alongside their soldiers. - The sea roads spread Islam while the silk roads spread buddhism. - Powerful states emerged in West Africa due to new political structures furthering the development of commerce, bringing prosperity to empires. Leaders controlled the gold trade. - Mansa Musa practiced Islam. This religion was prevalent in West African kingdoms like Mali because Mansa Musa went on a pilgrimage to Mecca, sharing his wealth and attracting followers. He used the sand roads. - What the incan empire used to integrate conquered peoples into empires: The Inca Empire would conquer provinces and their people. They would force that population and assign them specific locations where they were required to obey and perform labor. When the Incas vanquished others, they did not further harm them, but released those taken prisoner. They would do this to be friends as their neighbors were. They also bad soldiers who accompanied the Inca were ordered to do no harm, then offering supplies so that those newly won to his service would not find his rule irksome. This kindness made the soldiers want to stay. - Foot binding intensified patriarchy during the Song dynasty in china. The deformation of women’s feet was associated with feminine beauty, further restricting women to the inner quarters. However, in the song dynasty women did have some rights. They could control their own dowries and had education (this education was only given so they could educate their sons). - The rise of Neo-Confucianism intensified patriarchy as it was a movement that combined confucian teachings with elements of buddhism and taoism. - The crusades: the Turkik ottoman empire took over constantinople. This means that they had brought to an end an empire that had survived over 1000 years through the crusades. The Byzantine empire was also weakened by the crusades. As indicated by the fourth crusade, relations between catholic and orthodox churches were weakened. Western christendom was distinctively on the margin of world history due to its geographic location at the far western end of the eurasians. It was thus far away from growing routes of trade. - Aztecs and Incas were both polytheistic. However, the Aztecs were lenient towards conquered people while the Incas were more bureaucratic. Aztecs left their conquered people alone if they were paying tributes, whereas the INcas were far more controlling. The Incas also made captives undergo labor, whereas Aztecs sacrificed their captives. The labor is known as mita. The Aztecs sacrificed their captives because all gods devoted themselves to humans so now humans had to devote themselves. Chapter 5 (1450-1750): - Sprouts of modernity: 1. Genuine Globalization - European conquest and colonization of the Americas - Atlantic slave trade - Global silver trade - Columbian exchange - Christianity as a global religion - Russia across Siberia - China in Inner Asia - Ottoman Empire expansion - Japanese and Indian merchants 2. New demographic, economic, and intellectual patterns - Scientific Revolution - Modern population growth(but not Americas, Africa) - More highly commercialized and urbanized economies - Stronger, more cohesive states - Gunpowder Revolution→ large-scale empires - Pressure on land→ hard for environment, foragers, pastoralists 3. Growing European presence in world affairs - Old Patterns - European influence in Africa and Asia still limited - Islam spreading rapidly - Europe, India, China equal in manufacturing - Economies still based on muscle, wind, wood, water - Society still made up of long-established alite ad peasants (not middle class or urban) - King and nobles ruled (not parliaments and parties) - Patriarchy persisted - Confucianism in China - Hinduism/caste system in South Asia - Identify and explain the advantages that allowed Western Europeans to successfully create overseas empires starting in the late-fifteenth century: Europeans had the geographic advantage as they were closest to the Americas and were motivated by their isolation. European innovations enabled sea travel and military power, which helped them reach and conquer the Americas Native Civilizations, including the Aztecs and Incas.One of these navigational technologies was the compass.Mesoamerica and the Andes were already fractured, some people even welcoming the conquerors. The biggest advantage though were the germs and diseases they carried. Indigenous people had never been exposed to them before, and so without the immunity, the native population was wiped out. - Who was Doña Marina? How does her story show the continuity of patriarchy in the Early Modern Era? Doña Marina was a woman who experienced the old and new worlds. After her widowed mother remarried, her mother sold her into slavery. She was given as a gift to a man named Hernan Cortez. She is very controversial, as she is praised for being a Spanish ally but criticized for being a traitor of her own people (even though she had no choice). She is described and treated as an object wherever she went. She was a translator and knew many languages. For example: The Aztecs knew a language called Nahuatl, and Cortez knew spanish. A man named Geronimo Aguilar was used as the translator at first, because he knew Mayah and Spanish, and so everyone was able to communicate. Doña Marina knew Mayan and then learned Spanish, so Geronimo was no longer needed. - Great Dying: The desertion of large areas that ended traditional practices of forest management through bombing in many regions. This sparked a resurgence of plant life, which took large amounts of CO2 out of the atmosphere, contributing to global cooling, shorter growing seasons, and worse weather conditions affecting food production. Smallpox and influenza killed the majority of people. - Little Ice Age: Unusually cool temperatures that spanned much of the early modern period. Less agriculture could be grown and people would die of starvation (famine). - General Crisis: Many regions experienced record cold winters during the General Crisis. Other extreme conditions caused the expansion of the Sahara Desert, reduced harvests, and severe droughts which ruined crops. These conditions led to widespread families, epidermis, uprisings, and wars. The Ming dynasty collapsed, and there was constant warfare, especially a civil war in Mughal. People thought it was the government's fault, so they revolted. - What was the Columbian Exchange? What global effects did it have?: The Columbian Exchange was a network of communication, migration, trade, disease, and the transfer of plants and animals. Named after Columbus and after 1492, between the old (Afro Eurasia) and the new (Mesoamerica) worlds, including people (voluntary or slavery), plants/crops, animals (horses, cows, unknowingly rodents), and disease. Disease led to population decline in native americans. The new world had things that the  old world wanted and vice versa. For example, Native Americans had corn, Europeans had sugar. All of what we now call farm animals came from the old world. - Define Mercantilism: Mercantilism is a western European economic theory in which states governments should encourage exporting and getting bullion to better the countries. The bullion was acquired through mining, which meant you had to have a territory where mining was possible, trade (had something of value to trade), and stealing (which led to the golden age of piracy and silver). The mother country can control who trades with who. The colonists disliked this because they couldn’t control their trade, so they decided to be sneaky and smuggled and did illegal trade. - Explain the economic foundations of Spanish colonial rule in Mexico (Inca) and Peru (Aztec): Commercial agriculture was grown to be traded. The biggest mines are in Mexico and Peru, helping Spain to get very rich. Natives provided the labor, processing silver into money. - How were the economies of colonial Brazil and the Caribbean different than the economies of Mexico and Peru?: Europeans found a profitable substitute in sugar, which was much in demand in Europe, where it was used as medicine, sweeteners, and more. Sugar was grown because it made a lot of money due to its high demand. African slaves provided the labor because there was no large native population due to disease and Europeans didn’t want to do the work (they were in control). - How were the settler colonies of British North America different from those in Mexico, Peru, Brazil, and the Caribbean?: People went to Mexico and Peru for silver, and Brazil and the Caribbean for sugar. There was no obvious source for British North America, however; people went there for religious freedom, thus becoming overall more independent. - The Early Modern Era witnessed the expansion of the Russian Empire, resulting in the creation of the world’s largest state. What were the motivations that led to the expansion of a small Russian state centered around Moscow to an empire that stretched from Eastern Europe across Northern Asia to the Pacific Ocean and North America?: One of these motivations were “soft gold” of fur-bearing animals, whose pelts were in great demand, especially during the Little Ice Age. Another was security concerns… (explain) - How did the Russian Empire transform the lives of the people it conquered?: When the Russians conquered, it was more like the Incas. They made others more “Russian: through language, religion, swearing to the tsar, etc. - When describing Chinese expansion during the Qing Dynasty the authors of the textbook claim that “it was largely security concerns, rather than economic need” that sparked imperial expansion. Briefly describe these security concerns: The Zughars received Chinese memories of earlier Mongol conquest. The Mongols had conquered China before and they decided to take a proactive approach to prevent this from happening they decided to conquer the Mongols first. - What were the similarities and differences in how the Russian and Chinese empires interacted with conquered people?: Russian emperors assimilated local peoples while the Qing officials did not assimilate people into Chinese culture and showed respect for the Mongolian and other cultures of the region. People of nobel rank  and Buddhist monks and those associated with monasteries were excused from taxes and labor services. The similarities between these two places is that they both made their conquered peoples become citizens. - How did the Mughal attitudes and policies toward Hindus change from the time of Akbar to that of Aurangzeb?​​: The Mughal emperors expressed fragile control over a diverse and fragmented subcontinent of India that has long been divided.The central division was religious. Akbar married many Hindu women and did not require them to convert to Islam. He incorporated a substantial number of Hindus into the political system and military elite. Akbar also acted to soften some restrictions on Hindu women encouraging the remarriage of women and discouraging sati. Akbar was tolerant of the Hindus and even imposed a policy of toleration. Aurangzeb reveres Akbar's policy of accommodation and forbade sati. His religious policies and taxes to support his wars antagonized Hindus and prompted various movements of opposition. - Explain the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire. How was it related to the janissaries?: The devshirme system was when Ottoman authorities signed off many thousands of young boys from Christian families into the service of the state to be trained to be a part of the military and the civil service. This relates to the Janissaries because the devshirme was the system and the Janissaries were the young boys who were taken to the system. MULTIPLE CHOICE- EVERYTHING WE KNOW ON THESE TOPICS (over weekend to make sure we know everything- but also ask Dr. Young so we know what about what we ended to know): - Economy of Song Dynasty China: - Chinese Examination System - China’s relationship with its neighbors (Korea, Vietnam, Japan) - The Byzantine Empire - The Crusades - Silk Roads - Sea Roads - Sand Roads - Trade in the Americas (Incas and Aztecs) - Mongol Imperial expansion in the Americas - Doña Marina - Little Ice Age Race and Ethnicity in the American Colonies - Imperial Expansion of the Ottoman, Russian, Qing, and Mughal Empires- the two emperors