Cognitive Psychology Cogpsy 030 Finals PDF

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY COGPSY 030 FINALS A27 LARAYA subsequent stimuli without conscious C O N S C I O U S N E S S awareness of the connection. Th...

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY COGPSY 030 FINALS A27 LARAYA subsequent stimuli without conscious C O N S C I O U S N E S S awareness of the connection. This process - How we perceive and become aware of our reveals how our brains can process information world and make associations that shape perception and behavior, even when we are not FUNCTIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS consciously aware of it. 1. Monitoring and Awareness - consciousness allows us to monitor our internal and external  The Priming Effect environments, providing continuous awareness Prime- priming occurs when exposure to one of our thoughts, emotions, sensations, and stimulus surroundings. Target- affects how we respond to another 2. Decision-Making and Problem-Solving - stimulus conscious thought is essential for complex - This happens without conscious intent and decision-making and problem-solving because often without any awareness it allow us to consider options, anticipate outcomes, and weigh the pros and cons  The tip-of-the-Tounge Phenomenon 3. Learning and Memory - conscious attention This partial awareness suggests that the mind is crucial for encoding information into memory. has access to information stored in memory but Experiences that we focus on consciously are hasn’t yet brought it into full consciousness. This more likely to be stored in long-term memory supports the concept of preconcious, which 4. Self-Reflection and Personal Identity - refers to material that’s not in immediate consciousness allow us to reflect on ourselves awareness but can be accessed with some and our experiences, fostering a sense of effort. personal identity and continuity over time 5. Simulation and Planning - consciousness E M O T I O N A N D M O O D enables us to mentally simulate potential future How do emotions differ from mood events, plan accordingly, and prepare for First, emotions typically last for less time various outcomes Second, emotions are intense than moods 6. Regulation of Emotion - through conscious and so are more likely to attract our awareness, we can monitor and regulate our attention emotions, promoting better mental health and Third, emotions are generally cause by a well-being specific event (e.g., passing an examination), whereas the reason for - Consciousness is thus vital for survival, learning, being in a given mood if often unclear and growth as it brings together perception, control, memory, and reflection in a way that EMOTIONS MOOD AFFECT supports adaptability and purposeful action. A short-lived States A general tern affective resembling referring to PRECONSCIOUS PROCESSING state typically emotion but evaluative Some information that currently is outside our triggered by a generally (positive or conscious awareness still may be available to specific event longer lasting, negative) consciousness or at least to cognitive less intense reactions; it processes. Information that is available for and of encompasses cognitive processing but that currently lies unknown mood and outside conscious awareness exists at the cause emotion preconcious level of awareness. Preconscious - However, there is no sharp distinction between emotions information includes stored memories that we and mood; they are ‘parallel interacting processes’ - We will often use the broader term ‘affect’ which are not using at a given time but that we could encompasses emotions and mood summon when needed. POSITIVE AFFECT NEGATIVE VALENCE AFFECT STUDYING THE PRECONSCIOUS-PRIMING Positive Negative Emotional value Priming is cognitive phenomenon used to emotions and emotions and (positive or study preconscious processing, which refers to moods moods negative) mental activity that happens just below associated with conscious awareness. In cognitive psychology, a stimulus priming demonstrates how exposure to a certain stimuli influences responses to COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY COGPSY 030 FINALS A27 LARAYA STRUCTURE OF EMOTIONS Emotion Regulation- The use of explicit - What is the structure of emotions? Some (deliberate and effortful) processes or implicit theorist argue we should adopt a categorical (relatively automatic) processes to change the approach, according to which there are spontaneous emotional state (usually a several distinct emotions. For example, Cowen negative one) produced by the and Keltner (2017,2018): emotion-generation process. COWEN AND KELTNER EMOTION REGULATION CATEGORICAL APPROACH Emotion regulation is "the activation of a goal Analyzed the emotional states produced by to modify which emotion one has, when one over 2,00 short video and identified 27 different has the emotion, or how one experiences or emotions. This approach probably fits your expresses the emotion". Thus, emotion subjective experience regulation occurs when an individual overrides their initial, spontaneous emotional response. - Other theorist prefer ‘dimensional approach’. We can compare emotion generation and Barrett and Russell (1988) argued for two emotion regulation in the laboratory. For uncorrelated or orthogonal dimensions of example, two groups of participants misery-pleasure (valence) and arousal sleep. In experience the same emotional situation: contrast, Watson and Tellegen (1985) favored 1st Group - instructed to react naturally two uncorrelated dimensions of positive and (emotion generation). negative effect 2nd Group- instructed to regulate their emotional responses using a specified strategy (emotion regulation) Process Model A process model of emotion regulation put forward by Gross and Thompson (2007) has been very influential. In the image below, the basic processes involved in emotion generation are shown along the horizontal line. Of importance, it is assumed emotional intensity generally increases over time as we move from left to right. Of importance, it is assumed emotional intensity generally increases over time as we move from left to right. EMOTIONAL REGULATION This process model also incorporates the So far we have considered what happens crucial assumption that emotion-regulation when an individual encounters a situations and strategies can alter the emotion-generation responds to it with an emotional experience. process at various points in time (indicated by This is emotion generation (a spontaneous the arrows). For example, a socially anxious emotional response to the current situation). In person could reduce anxiety in the following the real world, matters are often more ways: complex. (i) avoiding potentially stressful social situations (situation selection); For example, an authority figure makes you (ii) asking a friend to accompany them angry by saying something unpleasant. You (situation modification); decide (wiselyl) to inhibit your anger and (iii) focusing on distracting thoughts (attention pretend all is well. This illustrates a two-stage deployment); approach: an initial emotional reaction is (iv) telling themselves that most people are followed by attempts to change it. The above friendly (cognitive change); example involves emotion regulation. (v) inhibit the behavioural expression of anxiety (response modulation) It is unclear in the above process model how emotion-regulation strategies start and stop. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY COGPSY 030 FINALS A27 LARAYA Accordingly, Gross (2015) proposed the extended process model of emotion regulation, which identifies three stages of emotion regulation: (1) identification (deciding whether to regulate); (2) selection (deciding which strategy to select); (3) implementing (making use of a given strategy). COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY COGPSY 030 FINALS A27 LARAYA