Pharmacognosy 2 Lecture Notes (MUE, 2024/2025) PDF

Academic Year: 2024/2025 Pharmacognosy 2 (Course code PG 203) Lecture No. (2) Official seeds By Dr. Mohamed Aboelmagd Department Pharmaco...

Academic Year: 2024/2025 Pharmacognosy 2 (Course code PG 203) Lecture No. (2) Official seeds By Dr. Mohamed Aboelmagd Department Pharmacognosy 2 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 1  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Lecture’s Aim 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 2  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Lecture’s Competencies 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 3  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Lecture’s Contents 1-Linseed 2-Cardamon seed 3- Nutmeg and mace 4-Colchicum seeds 5-Psyllium Seeds and Psyllium Husk 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 4  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Linseed, Flax seed Dried ripe seeds of Linum usitatissimum Linne (Fam. Linaceae). Linseed contains not more than 2% foreign organic matter and yields not less than 30% of fixed oil, The plant is annual herb that is largely cultivated in Argentina, Russia, Canada, Holland and India Anatropous seed (Ovule type) Straight embryo Dicotyledons Shiny brown colored with yellow raphe 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 5  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Macroscopical Characters Odor: very slight odor when entire, but becomes characteristic when crushed. Taste: Mucilaginous oily taste. Seed, elongated ovate, compressed to nearly flat, rounded at one end and obliquely pointed at the other. Brown, smooth, shining, and minutely pitted surface. Raphe appears as a distinct yellow ridge along one edge. Hilum and micropyle in a slight depression near the pointed end. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 6  Academic Transverse Year: 2024/2025 Section on linseed 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 7  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Microscopic Characters Testa: epidermis large isodiametric cells, followed by 2 or 3 layers of parenchyma, overlying a single layer of yellowish-brown narrow longitudinally elongated sclerenchymatous cells having pitted thick lignified walls, a narrow colorless layer of collapsed cells, and hyaline layers composed of partially or completely obliterated parenchymatous cells with their long axis at right angles to those of the sclerenchymatous layer. The innermost layer of the testa is the pigment layer, which is formed of a single layer of polygonal flattened cells with pitted walls and reddish brown contents. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 8  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Powder and Isolated elements Pigment layer Cross layer 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 9  AcademicConstituents Active Year: 2024/2025 Omega 3 fatty acid 1-Proteins 25%. 2-Fixed oil 30 – 40%. (consists mainly of 36-50% linolenic acid and 23-24 % linoleic acid) Mucilage (4.5 - 9%) mainly in the testa of the seeds. Omega 6 fatty acid 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 10  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Cyanophoric glycoside: linamarin, mainly in the herb 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 11  Academic Year: 2024/2025 uses 1-Treatment of Constipation (mucilage) 2-Treatment of arteriosclerosis (Fixed oil contains unsaturated fatty acids linolenic and linoleic fatty acids that inhibit the liver enzymes to synthesize cholesterols). 3-An anti-cancer effect on tumors of the breast, the prostate, and lung cancer cells as well. 4- protection against various types of heart disease (Omega 3 fatty acid) ( lower levels of protein homocysteine in the blood) 5- A poultice of whole seeds is used for the treatment of eczema and rheumatoid arthritis (Unsaturated fatty acids in fixed) 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 12  Academic Year:uses 2024/2025 Anti Inflammatory Properties: Linolenic acid is known for its anti-inflammatory effects It can help reduce inflammation in the body, which is associated with various chronic conditions such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and certain types of cancer Brain Function and Mental Health: Omega 3 fatty acids, including linolenic acid, play a crucial role in brain development and function. They are essential for maintaining healthy brain cell membranes and promoting proper neurotransmitter function. Adequate intake of omega 3 fatty acids has been linked to improved cognitive function and a reduced risk of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and depression. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 13  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Linolenic acid (Omega 3 fatty acid) Skin Health: Linolenic acid is beneficial for maintaining healthy skin It helps to strengthen the skin barrier, retain moisture, and reduce skin inflammation It may help manage certain skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis Eye health: Adequate intake of omega 3 fatty acids may help reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration and dry eye syndrome Immune system: Linolenic acid has been shown to support a healthy immune system. It helps regulate immune responses and promotes the production of anti-inflammatory molecules. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 14  Academic Year: 2024/2025 None medicinal uses of linseed: 1-Fixed oil used in paints of walls due to air oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (Hardness). 2-Linseed cakes after extraction of fixed oil are used as cattle food. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 15  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Chemical test (for cyanogenic glycoside inamarin) Powder Diluted sulfuric acid + Filter paper Soaked with sodium picrate Heat on W.B. Red or orange color (Guignard’s test 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 16  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Cardamom Seeds ( ‫حب الهيل )بذر الحبهان‬ Origin: The dried ripe or nearly ripe seeds of Elettaria cardamomum Maton, Family Zingiberaceae , recently separated from the fruit. Official in the E.P. under the name Semen cardamomi. Sri Lanka, Southern India and Guatelmala. Fruits = Capsules 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 17  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Active constituents 1-Volatile oil 2.8-6.2%. The volatile oil contains over 40 compounds of which a high proportion of terpinyl acetate and cineole. The oil is lost from the seeds if separated from the pericarp. 2-Fixed Oil 1-10%. 3- Starch 50%. Uses: A flavoring agent and condiment. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 18  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Macroscopical Characters Strong aromatic odor, pleasant aromatic pungent taste. Surface is wrinkled and raphe is running from base to apex on one of the flat surfaces. Hilum and micropyle are situated in a shallow depression at the apex. Testa is covered by arillus (colorless membrane) Starchy perisperm + yellowish endosperm + central small embryo. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 19  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Nutmeg Origin: Dried kernel of Myristica Fragrans Family Myristicaceae, deprived of its arillus, Active constituents: A) 5-15 % Volatile oil consisting mainly of pinene, camphene, myristicin , sabinene and other terpenes And alcohol B) 30 40 % Fat. C) Starch and amylodextrin. D) Phtosterin, saponin and colouring matter. N.B. Myristicin ( 4 % in the oil), a crystalline bitter substance that is toxic causing convulsions. Uses: 1 Stimulant and hallucinating in large doses??????. 2 carminative, flavoring agents in small doses. 3 used externally in rheumatism. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 20  Academic Year: 2024/2025 N.B. Myristicin ( 4 % in the oil), a crystalline bitter substance that is toxic causing convulsions. Uses: 1 Stimulant and hallucinating in large doses??????. 2 carminative, flavoring agents in small doses. 3 used externally in rheumatism. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 21  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Mace (Banda Mace) ‫البسباسة‬ ‫ا‬Origin: The dried arillus or arillode of M. fragrans. *Mace is removed by hand or knife from the freshly collected seeds where it has a bright red color. dried in sun which acquires a yellowish or orange-brown color. Active constituents: 15 % Volatile oil, mostly identical with nutmeg Macillinic and macilolic acids. Uses: As nutmeg. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 22  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Colchicum Seeds (MEADOW SUFFRON) ‫بذور اللحﻼح‬ Origin: The dried ripe seed of Colchicum automnale Linné, Family Liliaceae. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 23  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Active constituents: Alkaloid colchicine: (Tropolone alkaloid) alkaloid); (All parts of the plant contain the alkaloid colchicine. The seeds contain 0.2-0.8% of colchicine. Colchico-resin Glucose 5%. Fixed oil 1%. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 24  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Test: Colchicine gives a yellow color with mineral acids ( 66 % H2SO4) Uses: 1-Colchicine relief pain and inflammation of Gout. 2-Antileukemia (This alkaloid also has potent cytotoxic and anticancer activity, but it is highly toxic) 3- Colchicine is a plant hormone it induces polyploidy in plant cells 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 25  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Macroscopical Characters Internally: Straight embryo, about 0.5 m long, adjacent to the micropyle The embryo is embedded in an abundant horny whitish-to-yellowish hemicellulosic endosperm. Odor: odorless. Taste: Unpleasant, bitter and acrid taste. Seed: small, ovoid, or subglobular, 2-3 mm in diameter; amphitropous, having a slight point at the micropyle and a paler fibrous stophiole near or partly covering the hilum and extending on the other side for one-quarter of the circumference over the raphe. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 26  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Psyllium Seeds, Flea Seeds Origin and Geographical Source: Dried ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium L. (Fam. Plantaginaceae). The plant is annual herb native to the Mediterranean countries. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 27  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Macroscopical Characters Odor: odorless. Taste: mucilaginous slightly bitter taste. Seed: boat-shaped or rounded oblong; 2-3 mm long, 0.6-1.5 mm wide. The seed is mucilaginous and upon soaking in water the seed coat swells and become enveloped with colorless mucilaginous layer. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 28  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Microscopical Characters Mucilaginous epidermal cells and the brown pigment layer. Endosperm cells having thick cellulosic pitted walls. Numerous oil globules and aleurone grains 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 29  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Active Constituents Mucilage (10%). The mucilage yields upon hydrolysis D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-galactose and D-galacturonic acid. Proteins. Fixed oil. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 30  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Uses: Plantago seed is used as a bulk laxative, it acts by swelling of the mucilaginous seed coat and giving bulk in the large intestine, therefore increasing the volume of the feces and promoting peristalsis. The purified Psyllium husk, combined with various chemicals such as dextrose, sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and others, is used for the treatment of chronic constipation. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 31  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Psyllium Husk When the seeds are placed in water, the radial and outer walls of the epidermal cells swell to form layers of mucilage around the seed, separated out and left to dry. This husk constitute the most important Plantago products, which is then purified and processed by mixing with certain chemicals and used in laxative preparations. Commercially the most important Plantago product is the husk of the seed of Plantago ovata. 10 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 32