Physics for Engineers 2 Reviewer PDF

**\[M1S1\]** **FLUID STATICS** **TERMINOLOGIES** - **FLUID** - Any substances or gas that flows. - **FLUID MECHANICS** - A study that deals with the behavior of fluids. - **FLUID STATICS** - Study of fluids at rest or in equilibrium. - **FLUID DYNAMICS** - Study of fluids i...

**\[M1S1\]** **FLUID STATICS** **TERMINOLOGIES** - **FLUID** - Any substances or gas that flows. - **FLUID MECHANICS** - A study that deals with the behavior of fluids. - **FLUID STATICS** - Study of fluids at rest or in equilibrium. - **FLUID DYNAMICS** - Study of fluids in motion. **DENSITY** Density is the mass of the substance over the volume. It defines how compact the molecules are. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **FORMULA** | +=======================================================================+ | \ | | [\$\$\\mathbf{\\rho =}\\frac{\\mathbf{m}}{\\mathbf{V}}\$\$]{.math | |.display}\ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Where: | | | | \ | | [*ρ* = *Density* (*kg**cm*^3^)]{.math.display}\ | | | | \ | | [*m* = *Mass* (*kg* *or* *g*)]{.math.display}\ | | | | \ | | [*V* = *Volume* (*m*^3^ or c*m*^3^)]{.math.display}\ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ As long as the two objects had the ***same material***, even if they have ***different mass***, their ***density is the same***. **RELATIVE DENSITY** is the ratio of the measured density to the density of water or any reference density. It is also called as **SPECIFIC GRAVITY**. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **FORMULA** | +=======================================================================+ | \ | | [\$\$\\mathbf{\\rho}\_{\\mathbf{r}}\\mathbf{=}\\frac{\\mathbf{\\rho}\ | | _{\\mathbf{x}}}{\\mathbf{\\rho}\_{\\mathbf{w}}\\mathbf{\\ | | or\\ 1000\\ kg/}\\mathbf{m}\^{\\mathbf{3}}}\$\$]{.math.display}\ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Where: | | | | \ | | [*ρ*~*r*~ = *Relative* *Density*]{.math.display}\ | | | | \ | | [*ρ*~*x*~ = *Measured* *Density*]{.math.display}\ | | | | \ | | [*ρ*~*W*~ = Water Density]{.math.display}\ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - If the density is less than 1, the less dense the object is [**(ρ** **\** **1)**]{.math.inline}**.** ***Note: Relative means may reference siya.*** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **ADDITIONAL FORMULA** | | +===================================+===================================+ | Uniform | \ | | | [**V** **=** **Bh**]{.math | | |.display}\ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Patusok (Cone) | \ | | | [\$\$\\mathbf{V | | | =}\\frac{\\mathbf{1}}{\\mathbf{3} | | | }\\mathbf{\\text{Bh}}\$\$]{.math | | |.display}\ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Pabilog (Sphere) | \ | | | [\$\$\\mathbf{V | | | =}\\frac{\\mathbf{4}}{\\mathbf{3} | | | }\\mathbf{\\pi}\\mathbf{r}\^{\\ma | | | thbf{3}}\$\$]{.math | | |.display}\ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Where: | | | | | | \ | | | [*B* = *Base*]{.math.display}\ | | | | | | \ | | | [*h* = *Height*]{.math.display}\ | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **DENSITY OF SOME COMMON SUBSTANCES**  **EXAMPLES** 1. Find the mass and weight of the air at [20℃]{.math.inline} in a living room with a 4.0 m by 5.0 m and a ceiling at 3.0 m high. a. If height will be doubled, what will happen to mass? +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Given: | | | | \ | | [*V*~room~ = 4 × 5 × 3 = 60 *m*^3^ *ρ*~air~ = 1.20 *kg**m*^3^)]{.math.inline} +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Given: | | | | \ | | [*D* = 0.01 *m*       *m* = 3 *kg*     *ρ*~steel~ = 7.8  × 10^3^ *kg* | | *m*^2^ ]{.math.inline} +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **FORMULA** | +=======================================================================+ | \ | | [\$\$\\mathbf{P =}\\frac{\\mathbf{F}}{\\mathbf{A}}\$\$]{.math | |.display}\ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Where: | | | | \ | | [*P* = *Pressure* (*Pa*)]{.math.display}\ | | | | \ | | [*F* = *Force* (*N*)]{.math.display}\ | | | | \ | | [*A* = *Area* (*m*^2^)]{.math.display}\ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **FLUID PRESSURE** is the pressure in all direction of an object or fluid on the surface or bottom of a container. Properties: - The force exerted by fluid is always perpendicular to the surface. - The fluid pressure is directly proportional to depth (h) and density. - It applies same force in all direction. - It is independent of shape and area. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **FORMULA** | +=======================================================================+ | \ | | [**P** **=** **ρgh**]{.math.display}\ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Where: | | | | \ | | [*P* = *Pressure* (*Pa*)]{.math.display}\ | | | | \ | | [*ρ* = *Density* (*kg**s*^2^]{.math.inline} | | | | \ | | [*h* = *Height* (*m*)]{.math.display}\ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE** [**(P**~atm~**)**]{.math.inline} is the pressure at the surface of the fluid in an open container. - [**P**~atm~ **=** **101.3** **kPa** **=** **100,** **300** **Pa**]{.math.inline} - [**P**~atm~ **=** **706** **torr** **=** **760** **mmHg**]{.math.inline} +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **FORMULA** | +=======================================================================+ | \ | | [**P**~total~**=P**~atm~**+P**~gauge~]{.math.display}\ | | | | \ | | [**P**~total~**=P**~atm~ **+** **ρgh**]{.math.display}\ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Where: | | | | \ | | [*P*~atm~ = *Atmospheric* *Pressure* (*Pa*)]{.math.display}\ | | | | \ | | [*P*~total~ = *Total* *Pressure*]{.math.display}\ | | | | \ | | [*ρ* = *Density* (*kg**s*^2^]{.math.inline} | | | | \ | | [*h* = *Height* (*m*)]{.math.display}\ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - The pressure underwater increases. This means that the pressure of the surrounding is greater than the object (human). [(*P*~*s*~ \> *P*~*o*~)]{.math.inline} - The pressure towards the space decreases. This means that the pressure of the surrounding is less than the object (human). [(*P*~*s*~ \