Enzymes, Enzyme Function, and Medicine PDF 2024-2025

Enzymes, enzyme function and medicine CLS4011-U 1 26 September, 2024 CLS4011-U  What are enzymes? Please log in to menti.com to suggest answers to this q...

Enzymes, enzyme function and medicine CLS4011-U 1 26 September, 2024 CLS4011-U  What are enzymes? Please log in to menti.com to suggest answers to this question 2 26 September, 2024 CLS4011-U  Why are they important? Please log in to menti.com to suggest answers to this question 3 26 September, 2024 CLS4011-U  Why are they important? 4 26 September, 2024 CLS4011-U  How do enzymes work? Please log in to menti.com to suggest answers to this question 5 26 September, 2024 CLS4011-U  Types of enzymes Type Reactions catalysed Notes Oxidoreductases Oxidation/reduction reactions aka Dehydrogenases Can tell reactions using these enzymes as they include reducing equivalents Isomerases Isomerisation or e.g., glucose to fructose rearrangement reactions Transferases Transfer of functional groups e.g., methyl, phosphoryl, sulfate, sugars Hydrolases Bond cleavage via reaction with water Lyases Addition and elimination Cleavage of C-O, C-S and C-C reactions bonds Ligases Covalent linkage of two e.g., DNA bases, Ubiquitin substrates together onto peptide side chains 6 26 September, 2024 CLS4011-U  Coenzymes and cofactors Coenzymes are molecules (usually derived from vitamins) which act as carriers of electrons or chemical groups (e.g., NADPH, AcoA) Cofactors are non-protein molecules (including inorganic ions) which change the structure of an active site in the enzyme facilitating enzymatic activity (e.g., metal ions) Both coenzymes and cofactors facilitate enzymatic activity 7 26 September, 2024 CLS4011-U  Regulation of activity Substrate Substrate Enzyme Enzyme Substrate Inhibitor Substrate Enzyme Enzyme 8 26 September, 2024 CLS4011-U  How else can we regulate activity? Gene expression Pro- Enzyme Protein enzyme activity stability activation Localisation 9 26 September, 2024 CLS4011-U  Factors affecting enzyme function Temperature [Product] Enzyme pH activity [Substrate] 10 26 September, 2024 CLS4011-U  Enzymes in medicine – metabolic diseases Medium acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) - Inborn error of metabolism – defect in beta-oxidation of fatty acids - First oxidation step done by enzymes which react with different length chains – those with a chain length 4-12 carbons long – get reduced/lost activity 11 26 September, 2024 CLS4011-U  Enzymes in medicine – drug metabolism - As activators of pro-drugs - E.g., ICT2588 12 26 September, 2024 CLS4011-U  Enzymes in medicine – drug metabolism - Modulation of toxicity/drug action 13 26 September, 2024 CLS4011-U  Enzymes in medicine – drug targets - E.g., gout Xanthine Xanthine oxidase oxidase Hypoxanthine Xanthine Uric acid 14 26 September, 2024 CLS4011-U