Cambridge CIE IGCSE Biology PDF

Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Biology Your notes Characteristics, Classification & Features of Organisms Contents Characteristics of Living Organisms Concept & Uses of Classi...

Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Biology Your notes Characteristics, Classification & Features of Organisms Contents Characteristics of Living Organisms Concept & Uses of Classification Systems Concept & Uses of Classification Systems Continued Features of Organisms Features of Organisms Continued Page 1 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Characteristics of Living Organisms Your notes Characteristics of Living Organisms Movement: an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place Respiration: the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy for metabolism Sensitivity: the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses Growth: a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both Reproduction: the processes that make more of the same kind of organism Excretion: the removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in excess of requirements Nutrition: the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic compounds, ions and usually need water Examiner Tips and Tricks Use this mnemonic to help you remember these processes: MRS. GREN Movement Respiration Sensitivity Growth and development Reproduction Excretion Nutrition Page 2 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Concept & Uses of Classification Systems Your notes How Organisms are Classified There are millions of species of organisms on Earth A species is defined as a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring These species can be classified into groups by the features that they share e.g. all mammals have bodies covered in hair, feed young from mammary glands and have external ears (pinnas) The Binomial System Organisms were first classified by a Swedish naturalist called Linnaeus in a way that allows the subdivision of living organisms into smaller and more specialised groups The species in these groups have more and more features in common the more subdivided they get He named organisms in Latin using the binomial system where the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts starting with the genus (always given a capital letter) and followed by the species (starting with a lower case letter) When typed binomial names are always in italics (which indicates they are Latin) e.g. Homo sapiens The sequence of classification is: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Page 3 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes Linnaeus’s system of classification Examiner Tips and Tricks The order of classification can be remembered by using a mnemonic like: Page 4 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GRAN’S SPAGHETTI Your notes Dichotomous Keys Keys are used to identify organisms based on a series of questions about their features Dichotomous means ‘branching into two’ and it leads the user through to the name of the organism by giving two descriptions at a time and asking them to choose Each choice leads the user onto another two descriptions In order to successfully navigate a key: 1. You need to pick a single organism to start with, or you may be presented with an unfamiliar one as part of an exam questions 2. Follow the statements from the beginning. Each statement or question you should be able to answer using the information provided in the question or an image given as part of the question. 3. Eventually there will be no more statements or questions left and you will have the name of the organism 4. You then pick another organism and start at the beginning of the key again, repeating until all organisms are named Page 5 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes Example of a dichotomous key #1 Page 6 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes Page 7 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes Example of a dichotomous key #2 Examiner Tips and Tricks Simple dichotomous keys almost always come up in the multiple choice paper, so make sure you can use one.Very occasionally they show up in the theory paper, and when they do you almost always have to use one instead of constructing one, so focus on this rather than spending hours learning to construct them yourself! Page 8 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Concept & Uses of Classification Systems Continued Your notes Reflecting Evolutionary Relationships: Extended Extended Tier Only Classification systems aim to reflect evolutionary relationships between species Traditional biological classification systems grouped organisms based on the features that they shared If organisms shared more similar features then they were said to be more closely related In the past, scientists have encountered many difficulties when trying to determine the evolutionary relationships of species based on this method Using the physical features of species (such as colour/shape/size) has many limitations and can often lead to the wrong classification of species Using DNA to Classify Organisms: Extended Extended Tier Only Organisms share features because they originally descend from a common ancestor Example: all mammals have bodies covered in hair, feed young from mammary glands and have external ears (pinnas) Originally, organisms were classified using morphology (the overall form and shape of the organism, e.g. whether it had wings or legs) and anatomy (the detailed body structure as determined by dissection) As technology advanced, microscopes, knowledge of biochemistry and eventually DNA sequencing allowed us to classify organisms using a more scientific approach Studies of DNA sequences of different species show that the more similar the base sequences in the DNA of two species, the more closely related those two species are (and the more recent in time their common ancestor is) This means that the base sequences in a mammal’s DNA are more closely related to all other mammals than to any other vertebrate groups Page 9 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes DNA sequences can show how closely related different species are The sequences above show that Brachinus armiger and Brachinus hirsutus are more closely related than any other species in the list as their DNA sequences are identical except for the last but one base (B.armiger has a T in that position whereas B.hirsutus has an A) As DNA base sequences are used to code for amino acid sequences in proteins, the similarities in amino acid sequences can also be used to determine how closely related organisms are Page 10 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Features of Organisms Your notes The Five Kingdoms The first division of living things in the classification system is to put them into one of five kingdoms. They are: Animals Plants Fungi Protoctists Prokaryotes Main features of all animals: they are multicellular their cells contain a nucleus but no cell walls or chloroplasts they feed on organic substances made by other living things Page 11 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes A typical animal cell Main features of all plants: they are multicellular their cells contain a nucleus, chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls they all feed by photosynthesis Page 12 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes A typical plant cell The Animal Kingdom Several main features are used to place organisms into groups within the animal kingdom Vertebrates All vertebrates have a backbone There are 5 classes of vertebrates Vertebrate Table Page 13 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes Page 14 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes Vertebrate classification Invertebrates Invertebrates do not possess a backbone One of the morphological characteristics used to classify invertebrates is whether they have legs or not All invertebrates with jointed legs are part of the arthropod phylum They are classified further into the following groups: Page 15 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Arthropod groups table Your notes Page 16 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Arthropod classification Your notes Examiner Tips and Tricks Make sure that you are aware of the distinction between the main features of a group of organisms and the defining features of a group: An exam question might ask you to state the main features of a group of organisms; these are given above, and some of these main features are shared between the groups, e.g. all of the vertebrates have a backbone, and all of the arthropods have segmented bodies It is also possible that an exam question might ask you to give a defining feature of one of these groups, i.e. a feature that sets a group apart from the other groups, e.g. mammals have fur while the other vertebrates do not, and crustaceans have 2 pairs of antennae while this is not the case for the other groups of arthropods Page 17 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Features of Organisms Continued Your notes The Five Kingdoms: Extended Extended Tier Only The first division of living things in the classification system is to put them into one of five kingdoms They are: Animals Plants Fungi Protoctists Prokaryotes Main features of all fungi (e.g. moulds, mushrooms, yeast) usually multicellular cells have nuclei and cell walls not made from cellulose do not photosynthesize but feed by saprophytic (on dead or decaying material) or parasitic (on live material) nutrition Page 18 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes A typical fungal cell Main features of all Protoctists (e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium, Plasmodium) most are unicellular but some are multicellular all have a nucleus, some may have cell walls and chloroplasts meaning some protoctists photosynthesise and some feed on organic substances made by other living things Page 19 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes Two examples of protoctist cells Main features of all Prokaryotes (bacteria, blue-green algae) often unicellular cells have cell walls (not made of cellulose) and cytoplasm but no nucleus or mitochondria Page 20 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes A typical bacterial cell The Plant Kingdom: Extended Extended Tier Only At least some parts of any plant are green, caused by the presence of the pigment chlorophyll which absorbs energy from sunlight for the process of photosynthesis The plant kingdom includes organisms such as ferns and flowering plants Ferns Have leaves called fronds Do not produce flowers but instead reproduce by spores produced on the underside of fronds Page 21 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes Ferns Ferns reproduce by spores found in the underside of their fronds Flowering plants Reproduce sexually by means of flowers and seeds Seeds are produced inside the ovary found at the base of the flower Can be divided into two groups – monocotyledons and dicotyledons Page 22 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes Wheat plants are monocotyledons Sunflowers are dicotyledons How do you distinguish between monocotyledons and dicotyledons? Flowers Flowers from monocotyledons contain petals in multiples of 3 while flowers from dicotyledons contain petals in multiples of 4 or 5 Page 23 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Leaves Leaves from monocotyledons have parallel leaf veins while leaves from dicotyledons have Your notes reticulated leaf veins Reticulated = form a web-like network throughout the leaf Leaves from monocotyledons are narrow and grass-like while leaves from dicotyledons tend to have broader leaves that come in a wide range of shapes Comparing monocots and dicots Examiner Tips and Tricks Identification of monocotyledons and dicotyledons comes up fairly frequently in the multiple choice paper and so it is worth learning the two differences between their flowers and leaves. Viruses: Extended Page 24 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Extended Tier Only Viruses are not part of any classification system as they are not considered living things Your notes They do not carry out the seven life processes for themselves, instead they take over a host cell’s metabolic pathways in order to make multiple copies of themselves Virus structure is simply genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protein coat Structure of a typical virus Page 25 of 25 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers