CHE120 Unit 4 PDF

Current Environmental Issues: Greenhouse Effect, Acid Rain Dr. Prasenjit Adak  Current Environmental issues  Greenhouse effect and Global Warming – The term greenhouse effect is used to indicate a heat-trapping process c...

Current Environmental Issues: Greenhouse Effect, Acid Rain Dr. Prasenjit Adak  Current Environmental issues  Greenhouse effect and Global Warming – The term greenhouse effect is used to indicate a heat-trapping process caused by gases such as carbon dioxide, and water vapour which are transparent to incoming solar radiations but re- emit the infrared radiations from Earth's surface. – Global warming is a long-term rise in the average temperature of Earth as a whole as a result of greenhouse effect. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) 12/03/19 is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Current Environmental issues Process 1. High energy wavelengths hit the earths surface 2. Incoming energy is converted to heat 3. Longer, infrared wavelengths hit greenhouse gas molecules in the atmosphere 4. Greenhouse gas molecules in the atmosphere emit infrared radiation back towards earth This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) 12/03/19 is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Greenhouses Gases Some common greenhouse gases 1. Carbon dioxide 2. Methane 3. Nitrous oxide 4. Chlorofluorocarbons Causes of emission greenhouse gases 1. Fossil-fuel burning 2. Industrial processes 3. Deforestation 4. Livestock 5. Biomass burning 6. Coal mining This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) 12/03/19 is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Effects of increase in GHGs in Atmosphere 1. Air and the Earth’s surface may grow warmer. 2. The stratosphere may become cooler. 3. Temperate and polar regions may become warmer leading to the reduction in the ice cover of the earth. 4. Rainfall may be higher than what it is present in the temperate regions. 5. The greater amount of evaporation due to excess warmth. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) 12/03/19 is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Global Warming Potential (GWP) Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) are a quantified measure of the globally averaged relative radiative forcing impacts of a particular greenhouse gas. It is defined as the cumulative radiative forcing – both direct and indirect effects – integrated over a period of time from the emission of a unit mass of gas relative to some reference gas (IPCC 1996). Carbon dioxide (CO2) was chosen by the IPCC as this reference gas and its GWP is set equal to one (1). GWP values allow you to compare the impacts of emissions and reductions of different gases. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Global Warming Potential (GWP) This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Emission of Greenhouses Gases This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Emission of Greenhouses Gases This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Environmental Effects of Global warming 1. Climate change 2. Rise in sea level 3. Reduced agricultural production 4. Storms 5. Adverse effects on human health 6. Loss of ecosystems and biodiversity This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) 12/03/19 is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Control measures of Global warming 1. Reduction in the use of fossil fuels 2. Shifting to the renewable energy sources that do not emit greenhouse gases 3. Increasing the use of energy efficient and cleaner production technologies and practices 4. Reducing deforestation, adopting better forest management practices, and undertaking aforestation to sequester carbon This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) 12/03/19 is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Acid Rain Acid rain refers to a condition in which natural precipitation becomes acidic after reacting chemically with pollutants in the air. Causes of Acid Rain Burning of the fuel as well as the use of nuclear weapons leading to the evolution of large amounts of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which get converted to sulphurous acid and nitric acid, respectively. Effects of Acid rain 1. Reduction in population of flora and fauna 2. Damage to terrestrial ecosystems 3. Corrosion of buildings 4. Effect on human beings This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) 12/03/19 is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Thank You This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Dr. Prasenjit Adak  What is Sustainability?  Sustainability focuses on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  What is Sustainability? Environmental Economic Social Three pillars of Sustainability This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  From unsustainable to sustainable development  Does it protect our biodiversity?  Does it prevent soil erosion?  Does it slow down population growth?  Does it increase forest cover?  Does it cut off the emissions of CFC, SOx, NOx and CO2 ?  Does it reduce waste generation and does it bring benefits to all? This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Was Thanos Right? This universe is finite, its resources, finite. If life is left unchecked, life will cease to exist. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. - Thanos (Infinity War)  the key aspects for sustainable development  Inter-generational equity  minimize any adverse impacts on resources and environment  stop over-exploitation of resources, reduce waste discharge and emissions and maintain ecological balance  Intra-generational equity  minimize the wealth gaps within and between nations  The technology should address to the problems of the developing countries  producing drought tolerant varieties for uncertain climates  vaccines for infectious diseases  clean fuels for domestic and industrial use This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Measures for Sustainable Development  Using appropriate technology  Reduce, Reuse, Recycle approach  Prompting environmental education and awareness  Resource utilization as per carrying capacity  Implementing effective planning for Population Control  Less dependence on non-renewable natural resources This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Carrying capacity  The carrying capacity of a biological species in an environment is the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water, and other necessities available in the environment.  Carrying capacity has two basic components  Supporting capacity (the capacity to regenerate)  Assimilative capacity (the capacity to tolerate different stresses) This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Urban Problems Related To Energy  Residential and commercial lighting  Transportation means including automobiles and public transport for moving from residence to workplace  Modern life-style using a large number of electrical gadgets in everyday life  Industrial plants using a big proportion of energy.  A large amount of waste generation which has to be disposed off properly using energy based techniques  Control and prevention of air and water pollution which need energy dependent technologies This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Water Conservation  Decreasing run-off losses  Reducing evaporation losses  Storing water in soil  Reducing irrigation losses  Re-use of water  Preventing wastage of water  Increasing block pricing This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Rainwater Harvesting Khadin Johad Tanka This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Rainwater Harvesting Modern Rainwater Harvesting This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Rainwater Harvesting  Objectives of Rain Water Harvesting: Rain water harvesting fulfill the demand of water in domestic, industrial, and agricultural sectors. It helps to raise the water table by recharging ground water. It helps in minimizing ground water pollution. The proper harvesting of rain water reduces soil erosion, flooding  and run off. It reduces the incidence of floods.  Techniques of Rainwater Harvesting  This can be done by constructing special structures like dug wells,  percolation pits, lagoons, check dams, tanks, etc.  Broadly there are two ways of harvesting rainwater:  (i) Surface runoff harvesting  (ii) Roof top rainwater harvesting This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Watershed Management  A watershed is an area of land that drains to a common location. A watershed can vary in size, they can represent the area draining to a small stream to the entire area draining to an ocean This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Watershed Management Benefits of Watershed Management  Ensure ecological balance  Stabilize income even under unfavorable weather conditions.  Minimize the risks of drought, landslides floods, and help to reduce erosion and sediment production.  Proper utilization of marginal or waste lands through alternate land use systems  Maximize productivity per unit area, per unit time and per unit of water.  Scope for beneficial developmental activities like domestic water supply, irrigation, hydropower generation, etc.  Develop rural areas in the region with clear plans for improving the economy of the region This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. Ozone Layer Depletion, Environmental Acts Dr. Prasenjit Adak  Ozone Layer and Its Depletion The decrease in the concentration of ozone (O3) in stratosphere is known as ozone layer depletion. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) 12/03/19 is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) Dobson Unit (DU) = 2.6867 x 1020 molecules per meter square This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Ozone Hole The thinning of ozone layer or reduction in concentration of ozone especially over the area of Antarctic continent is known as ozone hole, which covers approximately seven million square kilometer. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  The Environment Protection act 1986 Objective- It provides for the protection and conservation of the Environment. 1. To protect the forests and wildlife in the country. 2. To improve the quality of life by protection of environment. 3. To co-ordinate the activities of the various regulatory agencies already in existence. 4. To appoint environment officers to check environmental pollution. 5. Establishing environmental laboratories. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 Objective- It provides the prevention , control and abatement of air pollution. Provisions of the Act has to be implemented by Central Pollution Control Board along with the state board. Functions- 1. setting of the air quality standards, collecting data on air pollution, organizing training, awareness programmes, establishing laboratories 2. Specify air pollution control areas and set standard for vehicle emissions. 3. Penalties for violation of its provisions. Applies to all. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Pollutant Time Weighted Average Concentration in Ambient Air Industrial, Residential, Rural and Ecologically Sensitive Area Other Areas (notified by Central Government) Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Annual* 50 80 20 80 µg/m3 24 hours** Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Annual* 40 80 30 80 µg/m3 24 hours** Particulate Matter (size less than 10 µm) or PM10 µg/m3 Annual* 60 100 60 100 24 hours** Particulate Matter (size less than 2.5 µm) or PM2.5 µg/m3 Annual* 40 60 40 60 24 hours** Ozone (O3) µg/m3 8 hours* 100 180 100 180 1 hour** Lead (Pb) Annual* 0.50 1.0 0.50 1.0 µg/m3 24 hours** Carbon Monoxide (CO) mg/m3 8 hours* 02 04 02 04 1 hour** Ammonia (NH3) µg/m3 Annual* 100 400 100 400 24 hours** Benzene (C6H6) µg/m3 Annual* 5 5 Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP)- particulate phase only, Annual* 1 1 ng/m3 Arsenic(As), Annual* 6 60 ng/m3 Nickel (Ni), Annual* 20 20 ng/m3 This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 Objective- It prevents, controls and provides maintenance or restoration of wholesomeness of water. Provisions of the Act has to be implemented by Central Pollution Control Board being a main agency. Functions- 1. Establishes standards of the water quality and effluent 2. Polluting industries must seek the permission to discharge the waste into effluent bodies. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 Objective- Wildlife protection Act of 1972 defines wildlife to include any bird or animal and aquatic or land vegetation, form part of any habitat. Function- 1. Under the Act, Central government work with state governments to regulate or prohibit the conversion of forest in agriculture or urban land. 2. Protection against natural hazards 3. Maintenance of water supply in water bodies present in Forest. 4. Protection of lines of communication and transportation This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Forest Conservation Act of 1980 Objective- It provides for the protection and conservation of the forests. Under the Act, a state government may regulate or prohibit in any forest the clearing of land for cultivation, pasturing of cattle, or clearing the vegetation for any purpose. Function- 1. Protection against natural hazards 2. Maintenance of water supply in aquifers. 3. Protection of lines of communication and transportation 4. Preservation of public health. 5. Mandatory for land owner. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Environmental protocols  Kyoto Protocol  The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change is an amendment to the international treaty on climate change.  Objective: Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere  Montreal Protocol (1987)  The Montreal Protocol is a global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).  Objective: to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion  Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1993)  The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international agreement adopted at the Earth Summit in 1992.  Objectives:  conservation of biodiversity  sustainable use of biodiversity  equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) 12/03/19 is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Issues involved in enforcement of Environmental Laws  Illiteracy  Growing population  Ignorance  Economic reasons  Insufficiency of laws This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) 12/03/19 is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Thank You This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.