Operating System Introduction - DAT10903 PDF

OPERATING SYSTEM DAT10903 LESSON PLAN Synopsis The goal of this course is to introduce the key components of a typical operating system and its services. In addition, it also discusses the function of each manager and its role in coordinating system operational tasks. Course Learning Outcome (C...

OPERATING SYSTEM DAT10903 LESSON PLAN Synopsis The goal of this course is to introduce the key components of a typical operating system and its services. In addition, it also discusses the function of each manager and its role in coordinating system operational tasks. Course Learning Outcome (CLO) CLO1 - Describe different operating systems, their functions and user interfaces in distributed and concurrent systems (LOD1, PLO1, C3) CLO2 - Explore the processes managed by an operating system by using appropriate software (LOD9, PLO6, P3) CLO3 - Demonstrate the use of various operating systems within the system constraints (LOD13, PLO9, A3) Topics Chapter 1 – Introduction to operating system Chapter 2 – Computer system structure Chapter 3 – Operating system composition Chapter 4 – Process Chapter 5 - Central Processing Unit (CPU Scheduling) Chapter 6 – Deadlock and Paralleism Chapter 7 – Memory management Chapter 8 – Virtual memory Chapter 9 – File systems Assessments TEST – 20% LAB – 10% ASSIGNMENT – 10% PROJECT REPORT – 15% PROJECT PRESENTATION – 5% FINAL EXAMINATION – 40% Course Attendance / Regulations 1. Students must attend not less than 80% of the contact hours for every course including Compulsory Attendance Course (Hadir Wajib – HW) and Attendance Only Course (Hadir Sahaja – HS) 2. Student who does not fulfill (1) of the above is not allowed to attend further lectures and is not allowed to sit for any further assessment. Zero mark (0) will be given to student who fails to comply with (1). As for Compulsory Attendance Course (Hadir Wajib – HW), student who fails to comply with (1) will be given Failure Attendance (Hadir Gagal – HG) 3. Student must follow and obey all the University dress rules and regulations and must discipline themselves to avoid any disciplinary action 4. Student must obey safety regulations during the learning and teaching process 1.1 DEFINITIONS An OS is a program that controls the execution of application programs and acts as an interface between applications and the computer hardware. In simplest terms, an operating system is a collection of programs that manage a computer system's internal workings— its memory, processors, devices, and file system. 1.2 OPERATING SYSTEM HISTORY Operating Systems have evolved in past years. These changes in the operating system are known as the evolution of operating systems. OS improve itself with the invention of new technology. Basically , OS added the feature of new technology and making itself more powerful.  EVOLUTION OF OPERATING SYSTEMS From 0 to 1970 0 1940 1950 1960 1970 Batch Time Sharing Intro to No OS Processing Multiprogramming System System GUI manually type Systems first operating system instructions for extended version OS became write their load the multiple each tasks in program into the of more user- programs on memory and provide multiprogrammi friendly and machine punch cards a specific portion of ng system. changed the language(0-1 memory to each and load it to OS switches from way of people based program. the computer one program to to interact with language) When one program is very hard for operator. waiting for any I/O another program computer. CPU first operations (which User can just users to after a certain executes jobs take much time) at interval of time click on visual implement that time the OS give of one batch so that every elements rather even a simple permission to CPU to and then jump program can get than typing task. switch from previous Time to the jobs of program to other access of CPU commands. other batch in program(which is first and complete consuming in ready queue) for Not user a sequence their work. manner. continuous execution friendly of program with interrupt.  1980 Network Systems Late 1990 Made file Mobile OS sharing and Invention of 2010 - mobile access smartphones. AI Integration Operating system integrates very easy iOS, Android features of AI technology like become more Siri, Google Assistant, and powerful Alexa and became more powerful and efficient in many way. These AI features with operating system create a entire new feature like Evolution of Operating Systems voice commands, predictive text, and personalized recommendations. 1980 to Current time The Evolution of Apple’s Operating System The Evolution of Window’s Operating System 1.3 MAINFRAME SYSTEM A mainframe computer is large but not as large as a supercomputer and has more processing power than some other classes of computers, such as minicomputers, servers, workstations, and personal computers. Mainframe computers are often used as servers. 1.3 MAINFRAME SYSTEM The term mainframe was derived from the large cabinet, called a main frame, that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. Later, the term mainframe was used to distinguish high-end commercial computers from less powerful machines. An IBM System Mainframe ( Front View) Inside an IBM System Z9 mainframe 1.4 DESKTOP SYSTEM A desktop computer is a personal computing device designed to fit on top of a typical office desk. It houses the physical hardware that makes a computer run and connects to input devices such as the monitor, keyboard and mouse users interact with. 1.3 DESKTOP SYSTEM Macintosh®, Microsoft Windows®, and Linux® are some popular desktop computer systems. Designed by Apple®, the Mac OS® is a relatively expensive system known for its user friendliness. A Desktop Computer System 1.5 MULTIPROCESSING SYSTEM Multiprocessing is the utilization of two or more central processing units (CPUs) in a single computer system. It is the ability for computers to complete multiple tasks at the same time without having to wait for one task to complete before the next task can be started. Multiprocessor System Pros of Multiprocessing System ITEM EXPLANATION Increased Processing tasks can be spread among numerous reliability processors in the multiprocessing system. This promotes reliability because if one processor fails, the task can be passed on to another. Increased More work could be done in less time as the throughput number of processors increases. The economy of Multiprocessor systems are less expensive than scale single-processor computers because they share peripherals, additional storage devices, and power sources. Cons of Multiprocessing OS Multiprocessing operating systems are more complex and advanced since they manage many CPUs at the same time. 1.6 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM A distributed system is a system whose components are located on different networked computers, which communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages to one another. It manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear as a single system. Example of Distributed System Any Social Media can have its Centralized Computer Network as its Headquarters and computer systems that can be accessed by any user Example of Distributed System Pros of Distributed System ITEM EXPLANATION High designed to keep applications running even if a single computer fails. if availability one computer goes down, the other computers in the system can take over, ensuring that your applications continue to function. Scalability can be easily scaled up or down depending on your needs. need more computing power, you can add more computers to the system. If you need less, you can remove them. This makes it easier to manage your resources and keep costs down. Resource resources such as memory, processing power, and storage can be shared sharing among different computers in the system. Improved By distributing tasks across multiple computers, a distributed operating performanc system can improve the performance of your applications. This is because e each computer in the network can focus on a specific task, rather than having to share resources with other tasks on the same machine. Fault Distributed operating systems are designed to be fault tolerant, which tolerance means they can continue to function even if some of the computers in the system fail. This is because the system is designed to distribute tasks across multiple computers, so if one computer fails, the other computers Cons of Distributed System ITEM EXPLANATION Increased Distributed Operating System involves managing multiple computers that Complexity communicate and coordinate with each other. This makes it a very complex system, which is difficult to manage and troubleshoot. Security With the number of computers and users that are part of a Distributed Concerns Operating System, there are many security risks involved. If one computer is compromised, it can affect the entire system, making it vulnerable to cyber-attacks and data breaches. Network The proper functioning of a Distributed Operating System depends on the Dependenc network. If the network goes down or experiences latency issues, it can y affect the performance of the entire system. High Cost Distributed Operating System requires a lot of resources, including hardware, software, and skilled personnel. This can make it expensive to implement and maintain. Compatibilit Not all applications are designed to work with Distributed Operating y Issues Systems. This can create compatibility issues and make it difficult to use certain applications in a distributed environment. 1.7 CLUSTER SYSTEM In a computer system, a cluster is a group of servers and other resources that act like a single system and enable high availability, load balancing and parallel processing. A cluster system is made, if you merge the two or more computer systems. Cluster System Pros of Cluster System  Clustered system provides much better performance for entire system because in which multiple computers are merged with each other, and they perform their tasks as parallel unit.  Clustered system is better fault tolerance system, if anyone node gets fail then entire system does not halt.  Clustered system has great scalability because we can easily add new node with this system.  It is more reliable and easier to configure.  It can recover automatic from failure without user intervention.  Better resource availability Cons of Cluster System  It is more costly because it contains expensive hardware and its design.  Required multiple servers and other hardware components for making one  It is very hard to monitor and maintenance this system. 1.8 REAL TIME SYSTEM A real-time system means that the system is subjected to real-time, i.e., the response should be guaranteed within a specified timing constraint, or the system should meet the specified deadline. Real-time examples of embedded systems such as washing machines, printers, automobiles, cameras, industrial machines and so on. 1.9 HANDHELD SYSTEM Handheld operating systems are present in all handheld devices like Smartphones and tablets. It is also called a Personal Digital Assistant. The popular handheld device in today's market is android and iOS. These operating systems need a high processing processor and embedded with different types of sensor. Handheld System 1.10 VIRTUAL MACHINE A virtual machine (VM) is a virtual environment that functions as a virtual computer system with its own CPU, memory, network interface, and storage, created on a physical hardware system. VMs allow multiple different operating systems to run simultaneously on a single computer—like a Linux® distro on a MacOS laptop. Each operating system runs in the same way an operating system or application normally would on the host hardware, so the end user experience emulated within the VM is nearly identical to a real-time operating system experience running on a physical machine. Example of Virtual Machine 1.11 LIVE CD A live CD (also live DVD, live disc, or live operating system) is a complete bootable computer installation including operating system which runs directly from a CD-ROM or similar storage device into a computer's memory, rather than loading from a hard disk drive. A live CD allows users to run an operating system for any purpose without installing it or making any changes to the computer's configuration. Live CD 1.12 USB BOOTABLE Bootable USB is a disk that is used to boot up a system for the installation of an Operating System. A USB can be made bootable using a command- line only for systems that have Windows(7/8/8.1/10) operating system. Early versions of Windows i.e. before Windows 7, can't be used for making a USB bootable. USB Bootable 1.13 BIOS vs UEFI UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) is a newer standard that replaces the legacy BIOS. UEFI offers more features and benefits, such as faster boot times, better security, larger disk support, and graphical user interface. Legacy BIOS is the old mode that uses a 16-bit code and a limited number of options. All modern computers come equipped with UEFI by default 1.13 BIOS vs UEFI BIOS UEFI Basic Input/Output System Unified Extensible Firmware Interface Windows blue screen User friendly graphical user interface Could not recognize Ethernet, Support Ethernet, Wifi and Wifi and Bluetooth Bluetooth connectivity No mouse support, keyboard Keyboard and mouse support only No secure booting option Secure boot facility to stops loading malicious software Firmware program in 16-bit Firmware program in 64-bit C assembly language language BIOS UEFI Thank You…