Chapter Heart PDF

**What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?** - a\) Regulate blood flow through coronary arteries - b\) Initiate and regulate the heartbeat - c\) Ensure atrioventricular valve closure - d\) Provide oxygen to cardiac tissues\ **Answer: b) Initiate and regu...

**What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?** - a\) Regulate blood flow through coronary arteries - b\) Initiate and regulate the heartbeat - c\) Ensure atrioventricular valve closure - d\) Provide oxygen to cardiac tissues\ **Answer: b) Initiate and regulate the heartbeat** **Which layer of the heart is primarily responsible for contraction?** - a\) Endocardium - b\) Myocardium - c\) Epicardium - d\) Pericardium\ **Answer: b) Myocardium** **Heart Failure** 3. **Which of the following is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?** - a\) Ischemic heart disease (IHD) - b\) Cor pulmonale - c\) Tricuspid valve regurgitation - d\) Congenital heart defects\ **Answer: a) Ischemic heart disease (IHD)** 4. **Which symptom is most commonly associated with right-sided heart failure?** - a\) Pulmonary edema - b\) Peripheral edema - c\) Orthopnea - d\) Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea\ **Answer: b) Peripheral edema** **Congenital Heart Disease** 5. **Which congenital defect is most commonly associated with Down syndrome?** - a\) Atrial septal defect (ASD) - b\) Coarctation of the aorta - c\) Tetralogy of Fallot - d\) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)\ **Answer: d) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)** 6. **What are the four key features of Tetralogy of Fallot?** - a\) Atrial septal defect, aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, right atrial hypertrophy - b\) Ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy - c\) Coarctation of the aorta, pulmonary hypertension, patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect - d\) Pulmonary stenosis, left ventricular hypertrophy, tricuspid atresia, mitral valve prolapse\ **Answer: b) Ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy** **Ischemic Heart Disease** 7. **Which of the following best describes stable angina?** - a\) Chest pain that occurs at rest - b\) Chest pain relieved by nitroglycerin or rest - c\) Chest pain associated with myocardial infarction - d\) Chest pain accompanied by syncope\ **Answer: b) Chest pain relieved by nitroglycerin or rest** 8. **What is the primary cause of myocardial infarction?** - a\) Coronary artery spasm - b\) Atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombus formation - c\) Valve regurgitation - d\) Infective endocarditis\ **Answer: b) Atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombus formation** **Arrhythmias** 9. **Which arrhythmia is most commonly associated with sudden cardiac death?** - a\) Atrial fibrillation - b\) Ventricular fibrillation - c\) Bradycardia - d\) Atrioventricular block\ **Answer: b) Ventricular fibrillation** 10. **What is the characteristic finding in atrial fibrillation on an ECG?** - a\) Regular rhythm with a prolonged PR interval - b\) Absence of P waves and an irregularly irregular rhythm - c\) Elevated ST segments - d\) Shortened QT intervals\ **Answer: b) Absence of P waves and an irregularly irregular rhythm** **Valvular Heart Disease** 11. **Which valvular disease is most commonly caused by rheumatic fever?** - a\) Mitral stenosis - b\) Aortic regurgitation - c\) Tricuspid stenosis - d\) Pulmonary regurgitation\ **Answer: a) Mitral stenosis** 12. **What is the most common cause of aortic stenosis in older adults?** - a\) Rheumatic fever - b\) Calcific aortic valve degeneration - c\) Bicuspid aortic valve - d\) Infective endocarditis\ **Answer: b) Calcific aortic valve degeneration** **Cardiomyopathies** 13. **Which type of cardiomyopathy is associated with systolic dysfunction?** - a\) Dilated cardiomyopathy - b\) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - c\) Restrictive cardiomyopathy - d\) Amyloidosis\ **Answer: a) Dilated cardiomyopathy** 14. **What is the characteristic finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?** - a\) Asymmetric septal hypertrophy - b\) Global myocardial fibrosis - c\) Dilated ventricular chambers - d\) Increased cardiac output\ **Answer: a) Asymmetric septal hypertrophy** **Myocarditis** 15. **What is the most common infectious cause of myocarditis?** - a\) Epstein-Barr virus - b\) Coxsackievirus - c\) Cytomegalovirus - d\) Staphylococcus aureus\ **Answer: b) Coxsackievirus** 16. **What histological feature is characteristic of myocarditis?** - a\) Granulomas with giant cells - b\) Lymphocytic infiltrates in the myocardium - c\) Caseous necrosis - d\) Fatty infiltration of myocardial cells\ **Answer: b) Lymphocytic infiltrates in the myocardium** **Pericardial Disease** 17. **What is a classic finding in acute pericarditis?** - a\) Pulsus paradoxus - b\) Friction rub on auscultation - c\) Muffled heart sounds - d\) Displaced apical impulse\ **Answer: b) Friction rub on auscultation** 18. **What is the hallmark finding in cardiac tamponade?** - a\) Increased pulse pressure - b\) Pulsus paradoxus - c\) Ventricular hypertrophy - d\) Irregular heart rhythm\ **Answer: b) Pulsus paradoxus** **Cardiac Tumors** 19. **Which is the most common primary tumor of the heart in adults?** - a\) Myxoma - b\) Lipoma - c\) Angiosarcoma - d\) Rhabdomyoma\ **Answer: a) Myxoma** 20. **What is the most common primary cardiac tumor in children?** - a\) Fibroma - b\) Rhabdomyoma - c\) Hemangioma - d\) Teratoma\ **Answer: b) Rhabdomyoma**