Chapter 11.3 Test Bank PDF

**1. Which of the following is a criticism of Maslow\'s hierarchy of needs?**\ A. It fails to account for the importance of physiological needs.\ B. It overemphasizes the role of intrinsic motivation in achievement.\ C. It is biased toward individualistic cultures over collectivistic cultures.\ D. I...

**1. Which of the following is a criticism of Maslow\'s hierarchy of needs?**\ A. It fails to account for the importance of physiological needs.\ B. It overemphasizes the role of intrinsic motivation in achievement.\ C. It is biased toward individualistic cultures over collectivistic cultures.\ D. It suggests that self-actualization is not an essential goal for humans. **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Maslow's hierarchy is often criticized for its focus on self-actualization, a concept that aligns more with individualistic (Western) values than collectivistic (Eastern) values. **2. What distinguishes the need to belong from other social needs?**\ A. It is associated with temporary relationships rather than long-term bonds.\ B. It has a greater influence on mental health than physical health.\ C. It provides a sense of permanence and mutual concern.\ D. It motivates people to pursue status and recognition in groups. **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** The need to belong emphasizes the importance of enduring, meaningful relationships characterized by mutual care and permanence. **3. Which of the following is an example of an approach goal?**\ A. Practicing basketball to avoid embarrassment from poor performance.\ B. Studying to receive praise from peers and teachers.\ C. Skipping a team practice to avoid criticism.\ D. Avoiding a difficult project to reduce stress. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Approach goals involve pursuing positive incentives, such as recognition or personal satisfaction, rather than avoiding negative outcomes. **4. Which component of love is associated with long-term relationship stability?**\ A. Passionate love\ B. Companionate love\ C. Physical attraction\ D. Oxytocin-driven desire **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Companionate love, characterized by tenderness and mutual life intertwining, is more predictive of long-term relationship stability than the excitement of passionate love. **5. Which of the following best describes self-determination theory?**\ A. People are motivated primarily by external rewards such as money or recognition.\ B. Psychological well-being depends on fulfilling relatedness, autonomy, and competence needs.\ C. Cultural norms have a stronger influence on motivation than individual needs.\ D. Motivation to achieve increases when goals are externally defined and controlled. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Self-determination theory suggests that psychological well-being arises when individuals feel connected to others, in control of their lives, and capable of achieving their goals. **6. What is one limitation of relying on extrinsic rewards to motivate behavior?**\ A. They fail to produce short-term productivity improvements.\ B. They can decrease intrinsic motivation and autonomy.\ C. They are only effective in collectivistic cultures.\ D. They improve performance but decrease emotional well-being. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation by shifting the focus away from internal satisfaction and reducing feelings of autonomy. **7. How does self-efficacy influence motivation?**\ A. It discourages effort by increasing anxiety about failure.\ B. It leads individuals to avoid tasks they perceive as challenging.\ C. It enhances confidence in one's ability to achieve and improves performance.\ D. It promotes extrinsic goals over intrinsic ones. **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Self-efficacy refers to the belief in one's ability to succeed, which enhances motivation and leads to better performance on challenging tasks. **8. What cultural difference in motivation was found between Japanese and Canadian students in response to failure?**\ A. Canadian students were more likely to improve their performance after failure.\ B. Japanese students were less likely to attribute success to effort.\ C. Japanese students showed increased motivation after failure compared to success.\ D. Canadian students viewed failure as an opportunity for growth. **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Japanese students demonstrated increased motivation following failure, reflecting a cultural emphasis on effort and improvement, whereas Canadian students showed the opposite pattern. **9. What is the over-justification effect?**\ A. The tendency to pursue extrinsic rewards even when intrinsic motivation is strong.\ B. A decrease in intrinsic motivation caused by the introduction of extrinsic rewards.\ C. The preference for challenging tasks over simpler ones due to external incentives.\ D. A cultural bias toward valuing intrinsic motivation in collectivistic societies. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** The over-justification effect occurs when extrinsic rewards reduce intrinsic motivation by shifting the focus to external incentives. **10. What does terror management theory suggest about the need to belong?**\ A. It is unrelated to existential fears like mortality salience.\ B. Belonging reduces death-related anxiety by providing a sense of permanence and self-worth.\ C. Belonging primarily enhances motivation for survival needs.\ D. It only applies to collectivistic cultures where group identity is emphasized. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Terror management theory posits that the need to belong helps mitigate death-related anxiety by offering psychological buffers like cultural worldviews and self-esteem. **11. Which motivation is more effective in the long term, according to self-determination theory?**\ A. Amotivation\ B. Extrinsic motivation\ C. Intrinsic motivation\ D. Avoidance motivation **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Intrinsic motivation, driven by genuine interest and enjoyment, leads to more sustained effort and better long-term outcomes compared to external incentives. **12. Which of the following is an example of intrinsic motivation?**\ A. Practicing basketball to impress teammates and coaches.\ B. Studying to win a scholarship.\ C. Exercising because it feels rewarding and enjoyable.\ D. Working overtime to avoid being reprimanded by a manager. **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Intrinsic motivation is characterized by engaging in a behavior for personal satisfaction and enjoyment rather than external rewards. **13. What is the key difference between passionate and companionate love?**\ A. Passionate love is long-lasting, whereas companionate love is short-lived.\ B. Passionate love is associated with excitement and longing, whereas companionate love is linked to tenderness and stability.\ C. Companionate love is driven by dopamine, whereas passionate love relies on oxytocin.\ D. Companionate love is less important for relationships than passionate love. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Passionate love involves intense physical and emotional longing, while companionate love is based on tenderness and mutual life integration. **14. How does autonomy influence motivation, according to self-determination theory?**\ A. Autonomy decreases intrinsic motivation by increasing pressure to achieve.\ B. Autonomy enhances motivation by giving individuals control over their actions.\ C. Autonomy has no significant effect on motivation in collectivistic cultures.\ D. Autonomy only influences motivation for extrinsic rewards. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Autonomy supports motivation by fostering a sense of control over one's decisions and actions, a central component of self-determination theory. **15. How does loneliness influence physical health?**\ A. It reduces stress hormone levels.\ B. It enhances immunity through increased social interactions.\ C. It only affects mental health, not physical health.\ D. It increases risks for heart disease, cancer, and hypertension. **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Loneliness elevates stress hormones, weakens immunity, and increases risks for physical illnesses such as heart disease, cancer, and hypertension. **16. Which brain areas are activated during passionate love?**\ A. The parietal lobe and motor cortex.\ B. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala.\ C. The occipital lobe and somatosensory cortex.\ D. The reward system and the insula. **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Passionate love is associated with the brain\'s reward system (dopamine-rich areas) and the insula, which processes internal bodily feelings like \"butterflies.\" **17. What is a key finding about motivation in collectivistic cultures?**\ A. Intrinsic motivation is less important than extrinsic motivation.\ B. Failure decreases motivation to improve.\ C. Autonomy has no influence on motivation.\ D. Extrinsically motivated behaviors can feel self-determined when tied to family or community goals. **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** In collectivistic cultures, extrinsically motivated behaviors are often viewed as group decisions, fostering a sense of autonomy and enhancing motivation. **18. How does self-determination theory explain motivation?**\ A. Success depends on how much a person enjoys the task.\ B. Motivation increases when individuals pursue avoidance goals.\ C. Autonomy and competence are less important than external rewards.\ D. Motivation arises when autonomy, competence, and relatedness needs are fulfilled. **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** According to self-determination theory, motivation and psychological well-being are driven by fulfilling autonomy, competence, and relatedness needs. **19. What motivates individuals to defend their cultural worldview, according to terror management theory?**\ A. The desire to avoid social rejection.\ B. The fear of criticism from others.\ C. The need to improve self-efficacy.\ D. The fear of mortality and desire for stability. **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Terror management theory posits that people defend their cultural worldview to buffer against mortality-related fears and maintain psychological stability. **20. Why might extrinsic rewards decrease intrinsic motivation?**\ A. They are often insufficient to motivate complex behaviors.\ B. They limit autonomy by making behavior dependent on external approval.\ C. They enhance amotivation by reducing self-determination.\ D. They prioritize competence over relatedness. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Extrinsic rewards can shift motivation from internal satisfaction to external validation, reducing autonomy and intrinsic motivation. **21. What health outcome is most strongly predicted by feelings of loneliness?**\ A. Lower susceptibility to stress-related illnesses.\ B. Increased risk of survival after heart surgery.\ C. Increased likelihood of heart disease and cancer.\ D. Reduced risk of hypertension and immune system deficiencies. **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Loneliness significantly increases risks for heart disease, cancer, and other physical illnesses, highlighting the critical role of belonging in health. **22. How did Japanese students differ from Canadian students in their response to failure?**\ A. Japanese students were less motivated after failure than success.\ B. Japanese students increased effort after failure, while Canadians showed reduced effort.\ C. Canadian students showed no change in motivation regardless of success or failure.\ D. Japanese students and Canadian students had identical responses to failure. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Japanese students were more motivated to improve after failure, reflecting cultural emphasis on effort, whereas Canadians showed decreased motivation. **23. How does companionate love influence long-term relationships?**\ A. It enhances emotional excitement and physical attraction.\ B. It predicts stability through mutual tenderness and interdependence.\ C. It activates brain areas associated with passion and dopamine release.\ D. It reduces the need for belonging and autonomy. **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Companionate love is characterized by tenderness and mutual life intertwining, which are critical for long-term relationship stability.