Chapter 11-12: The Nano World PDF

Science, Technology, and Society Richard Feynman- ​ presented a National Nanotechnology Institute- speech on the idea of manipulating was the first federal agency that efforts Chapter 11: The Nano World small particles t...

Science, Technology, and Society Richard Feynman- ​ presented a National Nanotechnology Institute- speech on the idea of manipulating was the first federal agency that efforts Chapter 11: The Nano World small particles titled “There’s Plenty of in nanotechnology. Room at the Bottom” in December 29, Background of Nanotechnology 1959 during an American Physical Microscopy Tools in Nanotechnology Nano​- originated from the Greek word Society meeting in California Institute Electron Microscope- ​sample is nanos ​ meaning dwarf of Technology which later on published bombarded by electrons and monitoring the same speech in February 1960 in either scattering or transmission effects. 1 nm/nanometer​- measures a billionth Caltech’s Engineering and Science Scanning Electron of a meter or 10 raised to negative 9 Magazine. Microscopy- ​3D images of meter. particles Norio Taniguchi- ​from Tokyo Transmission Electron Nanoscience​- deals with the study of University of Science, coined the Microscopy- ​2D images of phenomena and manipulation of termed “nanotechnology”(1974). It was particles but more rendered and material at the nanoscale. initially description on semiconductor creates greater resolution. processors such as a thin film Nanotechnology- ​understanding and deposition and ion beam milling that Scanning Tunneling Microscope- control of matter at the atomic and involves characteristic control in the applying voltage bias between an molecular levels in the range of order of a nanometer. electrical probe tip over the surface of a 1-100nm. sample. Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer developed the first STM at IBM Buckminsterfullerene or buckyball. its characteristics, most recently it is Zurich in 1981. Fullerenes are widely used as being used in Lithium Based Batteries. antioxidants that responds to free Atomic Force Microscope- ​pitched by radicals. Issues and Concerns in Binnig and Calvin Quate, AFM can Nanotechnology render image of different surfaces with Carbon Nanotubes-​ cylindrical in Lower recovery and recycling a similar mechanism of STM. shape and linked in hexagonal shapes. rates Sumio Iijima is credited to the Lack of trained engineers and Carbon Nanomaterials discovery. Nanotubes can be workers Classes of Nanomaterials cylindrical and open ends or closed Environmental Implications Carbons Based ends formed by pentagons in the ends. Dissemination of Toxic Inorganic Based Nanotubes are ideal for spacecraft persistent nano substance Organic Based materials due to its strength-weight High-energy requirements for Composite Based ratio. nanoparticle synthesis Behavioral and Physiological Fullerenes- ​spherical carbon-caged Graphene- ​a one atom thick sheet changes in water. molecules with 60 or more carbon tightly bound in a hexagonal lattice. It Toxic in algae and water fleas atoms. Heat resistant and is the thinnest and lightest compound Exposure causes growth delay superconductive. Discovered by Harold ever discovered. Discovered by Sir in crops. Kroto, Sean O’Brien, Robert Curl, and Andre Geim and Sir Kostya Novoselov. Can enter and damage the Richard Smalley first known as Graphene has a wide potential due to bloodstream  Increase of antibiotic resistant Nanocomposite Materials-​ Led by Dr. Climate Change and The Energy superbugs Blessie A. Basilia has come up with a Crisis Can damage DNA biodegradable, environment-friendly Toxic when ingested food packaging materials that protects Climate Change and Global Nanotechnology can be food and extends its shelf life using Warming pervasive organoclay from local bentonite that is Climate Change- ​any significant May introduce new efficiencies blended with thermoplastic starch made long-term change in the expected and paradigms from cornstarch. patterns of average weather of a region Difficult to detect in the body over a significant period of time. Nanoparticle TiO2 in Commercial Nanotechnology in The Philippines Paint- ​titanium dioxide is a Impacts of Climate Change Dr. Fabian Dayrit- ​chairman of the photocatalytic ultrafine TiO2 Direct Impact (natural Nanotechnology Technical Panel of developed by Cristal Global was phenomenons) DOST. incorporated in Boysen Knoxout. Paint Impact on ecosystems and transforms airborne toxins into safe environmental relationships. Nanostructured Solar Device- ​UP, residues. If exposed to UV light, Indirect Impact(poverty, Ateneo, and La Salle focused on the reduction and oxidation reactions leads conflicts, etc.) development of solar cells based on to formation of adsorbed Free radicals. solid state nanomaterials and dye synthesize materials. Global Warming- ​is the slow increase evaporation. Constant - Carbon Dioxide in the average temperature of the evaporation increasing the - Water Vapor earth’s atmosphere because an storms. - Methane increased amount of heat striking the Orbital Changes- - Ozone earth from the sun is being trapped in Precession(orientation if earth’s - Nitrous Oxide the atmosphere and not radiated out in axis of rotation), - Hydrofluorocarbons space. Rising concentrations of Eccentricity(​deviation of a curve Deforestation​- ​permanent greenhouse gases in the earth’s or orbit from circularity.​), and removal of trees to make atmosphere has caused global warming. Obliquity(​angle of tilt of the room for something besides Earth's axis of rotation.​) forest. Natural Causes of Climate Changes Variation in Solar Radiation​- Volcanic Eruptions- ​discharge changes of radiation depends on Coal Mining- ​invasion and of Carbon Dioxide, aerosols the number of sunspots(darker destroys sizable ranges of (such as volcanic ash or dust) areas on the surface of the sun) wilderness area, displacing the and Sulfur Dioxide. native fauna and removing Anthropogenic Causes of Climate habitat and food source. Ocean Currents- ​distributes Change heat around the globe. When Greenhouse Gases- ​gases that Burning of Fossil Fuels- water molecules are heated, traps heat inside the earth's hydrocarbons that produces they exchange freely with the atmosphere. harmful greenhouse gases. air in a process called  Industrial Processes​- upper ocean caused by warming Climate Indicators of El Nino industries and factories give off surface waters. Delayed onset of rainy season various pollutants into the Early termination of rainy environment including land, air, El Nino- ​large scale season and waters. oceanographic/meteorological Weak monsoon activity phenomenon that develops in the Far Tropical Cyclone Track Agriculture​- emission of Pacific and is associated with extreme Less number of Tropical methane and nitrous oxide. climatic variability. cyclones entering PAR. Climate Observation- ​sourced from Drought- ​3 consecutive months of way numerous meteorological and related Characteristics of El Nino below normal rainfall condition. observational networks and systems Occurs in the pacific every 2-9 Greater than 60% reduction throughout the world. years Starts in the northern winter Dry Spell- ​3 consecutive months of Temperature Trends- ​ global average Once established, it lasts for the way below normal rainfall condition. temperature is one of the most-cited 1st half of the incoming year Greater than 21-60% reduction indicators of global climate change. Exhibit phase-locking at annual cycles La Nina- ​a weather occurrence brought Glaciers and the Global Sea Level- It has a biennial cycle by the changing temperature over the Melting of land-based glaciers and ice Equatorial Pacific Ocean. sheets & thermal expansion of the Flooding- ​water inundates land that’s Energy Crisis Non-Renewable​- energy resources that normally dry. Caused by excessive Forms of Energy are available in limited amount in rain, a ruptured dam, rapid melting of Thermal nature. ice and floodplain. Radiant Petroleum Products Kinetic Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids Deadliest Typhoons in the Electrical Natural GAs Philippines Chemical Coal Haiyan (Yolanda) Nuclear Nuclear Energy Thelma (Uring) Gravitational Ike (Nitang) Energy Crisis- ​the price rise of the Fengshen (Frank) Sources of Energy energy resources or a great shortage in Washi (Sendong) Renewable- ​energy resources that are the supply of the resources of energy. Durian (Reming) available in unlimited amount in nature. Bopha (Pablo) Solar Energy Causes of Energy Crisis Amy Geothermal Energy Oil Crisis Agnes (Undang) Wind Energy Over-Consumption Nina (Sisang) Biomass Energy Overpopulation Hydroelectric Energy Infrastructure Damage Aging Infrastructure Political Events Terrorism Effects of Energy Crisis “May The Sol, Luna, and Stella guide in thy lofty quest, Unexpected Power outage Oil price increase As We try and bring out our very best Inflation As tears may shed and sacrifices are made, Economic uncertainty May our smiles last longer never to fade” Increase of domestic good price Rise in unemployment level Poverty Poor Health Low knowledge production Depletion on foreign reserve Devaluation of currency Increase of lending rate Slow pace of infrastructural development.