Counter Reformation and the Baroque PDF

Chapter 10 – “ The Counter Reformation and the Baroque”  Giuseppe Arcimboldo Summer, oil on limewood Most famous the Four Season series Worked at Habsburg Court under Holy Roman Emperor King Maximilian  Continued Giovanni Battista Fonteo’s poem expresses peace & prosperity the empe...

Chapter 10 – “ The Counter Reformation and the Baroque”  Giuseppe Arcimboldo Summer, oil on limewood Most famous the Four Season series Worked at Habsburg Court under Holy Roman Emperor King Maximilian  Continued Giovanni Battista Fonteo’s poem expresses peace & prosperity the emperor gave the world Winter, oil on limewood  Continued Charles V & Maximilian II convinced pope to convene the Council of Trent in 1545  The Baroque Barroco, Portuguese term irregular pearl, developed at Vatican & dedicated to the Counter Reformation cause  Absolutism & Divine Right Age of Absolutism: Louis XIV exert royal power over his dominions on grounds of Divine Right; a right to rule directly from the will of God Early Counter Reformation & Mannerism Pope Alexander VI decreed New Worlds Church property; he rented the countries to Spain Charles V sacked Rome in 1527 imprisoned Pope Clement VII  Council of Trent & Catholic Reform of the Arts Three fronts to Counter Reformation; a revitalized papacy, new monastic orders, & a reforming council  Revitalized Papacy Reclaim moral leadership of the church, reinforced papal bureaucracy, & enable more discipline throughout ecclesiastical hierarchy  New Monastic Orders Dominicans, Franciscans, Jesuits Jesuits founded by Ignatius Loyola Reforming Council aka Council of Trent All arts & music be available to uneducated Music word’s intelligibility more important than melody; Venice barely felt Council’s musical restrictions Architecture take a worshipful environment Paintings & sculpture be simple, direct, unobjectionable, decent in appearance  Rise of Mannerism Sculptors rejected idealism & twisted human figures into unusual & bizarre poses to express their ideas of beauty  Michelangelo Pieta, marble Mannerist & anti classical: rejects traditional contrapposto uses a serpentine figure style  Michelangelo Last Judgment, fresco Mannerist style: elongated bodies, heads reduced in size, expressive faces, chaotic surface appearance, bodies swirling around central image of Jesus  Continued Decreed Last Judgment nudes obscene & must be painted over w/ loin cloths by people known as braghettoni  Correggio Jupiter and Io, oil on canvas Mannerist style: bizarre juxtaposition; Io’s flesh toned body against Jupiter’s dark, amorphous form  Parmigianino The Madonna with a Long Neck, oil on panel Mannerism: distortion, dissonance, & ambiguity, & eccentric organization  Veronese Last Supper, oil on canvas Pope Paul III initiated a Roman Inquisition Painting heresy & inappropriate treatment of subject matter Changed name to Feast in the House of Levi, oil on canvas  The Spanish Inquisition New religious style: The “illuminated ones” Individualistic, private type of faith; spirit alternates between ecstatic throes of sweet happy pain & a fearful glowing fire  El Greco Resurrection, oil on canvas Painting’s Mannerist verticality mirrors elongated serpentine bodies Appropriate as draperies fall over certain body parts  Cervantes & the Picaresque Tradition Lope de Vega: founder of Spanish theater Lazarillo de Tormes: Picaresque novel  Continued Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra Don Quixote uses everyday speech, creates vivid portraits of characters, & presents the narrative very realistically  The Baroque in Italy Religious art’s only purpose: teach & inspire the faithful, be intelligible, realistic, & emotional stimulus to the piety Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises, all Jesuits to use all their senses to experience a spiritual calling  Andrea Pozzo Apotheosis of Saint Ignatius, fresco Represents four known continents where Jesuits did their mission work Foreshortening allows ceiling to have infinite space  Bernini The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, mixed media Council of Trent decree: real people caught in dramatic, emotion-charged moments Depicts moment St. Teresa receives the Holy Spirit  Caravaggio The Conversion of St. Paul , oil on canvas Tenebrism: dramatic contrast between light & dark John Donne’s poem “Batter My Heart” captures Saul’s moment of conversion  Caravaggio Extreme light & dark painting styles reflects emotional & spiritual conflicts of Counter-Reformation  Artemisia Gentileschi Judith and Her Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes, oil on canvas Night pictures Caravaggesque tenebrism Self-portrait Style: flamboyant & dramatic Antonio Vivaldi & the Concerto The Four Seasons; named after each season of the yr. Specialized in concerto Council of Trent decreed all music during mass must not be secular Program music: instrumental music connected to the story or idea Secular Baroque in the North Amsterdam painters’ style was Restrained Baroque; sober values of their religion & civic ideals of their republic  Jan Brueghel the Elder Still Life with Bouquet of Flowers, oil on panel Exotic Flowers; still life Vanitas Paintings: pleasurable things in life fade; spiritual world needs to command our attention  Jacob van Ruisdael View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen, oil on canvas Landscape painting reflects light to dark is the rhythm of life  Jan Steen The Dancing Couple, oil on canvas; tells of the fleeting nature of human life Genre scenes: depictions of everyday life  Johannes Vermeer Woman with a Pearl Necklace, oil on canvas Reveal domestic, quiet world of women Tabula rasa: a blank slate; moral history remains to be written  Rembrandt van Rijn Captain Frans Banning Cocq Mustering His Company (The Night Watch), oil on canvas Drama of Light Depicts civic pride  Rembrandt van Rijn Rembrandt’s painting shows dramatic use of chiaroscuro, forceful expressiveness, w/ full range of human moods & emotions  Baroque Music in the North Baroque music purposefully dramatic & committed to arousing emotion in listener The Golden Age of the organ Bartholomeo Cristofori: perfected piano forte = loud & soft  Johann Sebastian Bach Cantata: a multi movement musical commentary on the day’s text, sung by soloists, & chorus accompanied Counterpoint: addition of one or more independent melodies above or below the main melody  Continued Oratorios, long chorale works, w/out action or scenery, performed by a narrator, soloist, a chorus, & orchestra Passions: tells a story from the Gospels about Death & Resurrection of Jesus Absolutism & the Baroque Court Louis XIV constructed Versailles Palace, moved his court & government offices there & became unofficial capital of France Andre Le Notre: Landscape architect  Hall of Mirrors Charles LeBrun Louis XIV’s chief painter 30 paintings show Louis XIV as a Roman Emperor, astute administrator, & a military genius  The Court Arts of Spain King of Spain, Philip IV Declining economics & social conditions threatens king’s absolutist authority Remedy: support the arts  Peter Paul Reubens Hired by Philip IV Paints women voluptuously, robustly, & placed in foreground  Diego Velazques Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), oil on canvas Strong interplay of illusion & space Only painter allowed to paint Spain’s King Philip IV End