The Human Body - An Orientation (PDF)

The human body - an orientation Ailah F. Tenestrante study of the structure and shape NUR - 1F Anatomy of the body and its parts. study of how t...

The human body - an orientation Ailah F. Tenestrante study of the structure and shape NUR - 1F Anatomy of the body and its parts. study of how the body and its parts Physiology work or function. Anatomy - levels of study Gross anatomy Note!! Large structures Easily observable Always refer to anatomical position Microscopic anatomy Very small structures Can be viewed with a microscope Levels of structural organization  Organ system overview Integumentary Skeletal Forms the external Protects and supports body covering body organs Protects deeper tissue from Provides muscle injury and drying out attachment for movement Synthesizes vitamin D Site of blood cell Location of cutaneous nerve formation receptors Stores minerals Muscular Nervous Allows locomotion Fast-acting control Maintains posture system Responds to internal and external Produces heat change Activates muscles and glands, Endocrine Cardiovascular Secretes regulatory hormones Transports materials in body via Growth blood pumped by heart Reproduction Oxygen Metabolism Carbon dioxid Nutrients Wastes Lymphatic Respiratory Returns fluids to blood Keeps blood supplied with oxygen vessels Removes carbon dioxide Disposes of debris Involved in immunity- destroys bacteria and tumor cells Digestive Urinary Breaks down food Eliminates nitrogenous Allows for nutrient absorption wastes into blood Maintains acid – base balance Eliminates indigestible Regulation of materials material Water Electrolytes Reproductive Production of offspring Female reproductive system Male reproductive system  Necessary Life Functions Maintain boundaries > keeps the body's internal environment distinct from the external environment > the skin and membranes Movement > Locomotion > Movement of substances Responsiveness > Ability to sense changes and react Digestion > Break-down and delivery of nutrients Metabolism > all chemical reactions within the body > Production of energy > Making body structures Excretion > Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions Reproduction > Production of future generation > Provides new cells for growth and repair Growth > Increasing of cell size and number Survival needs Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease Maintaining homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Control center Responds to changes in Determines set point the environment Analyzes information (stimuli) Determines appropriate Sends information to response control center Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback > Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms > Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity > Works like a household Positive feedback > Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther > In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures Orientation and Directional Terms Term Definition Illustration Example Term Definition Illustration Example Body landmarks Anterior Posterior Body planes Body cavities Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic Quadrants Major Organs