Chapter 7: Introduction to Cell Physiology PDF

Chapter 7: Introduction to Cell Physiology Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chemotherapeutic Drugs #1 ❖ Alter cellular function or disrupting cellular integrity, causing cell death ❖ Prevent cellular reproduction, eventually leadi...

Chapter 7: Introduction to Cell Physiology Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chemotherapeutic Drugs #1 ❖ Alter cellular function or disrupting cellular integrity, causing cell death ❖ Prevent cellular reproduction, eventually leading to cell death Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Chemotherapeutic Drugs #2 ❖ To destroy organisms that invade the body o Bacteria, viruses, parasites, protozoa, fungi ❖ To destroy abnormal cells within the body o Neoplasms or cancers Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Chemotherapeutic Drugs #3 ❖ May alter the cell membrane, causing the cell to rupture and die ❖ May deprive the cell of certain nutrients, altering the proteins that the cell produces and interfering with normal cell functioning and cell division ❖ May affect the normal cells of patients to some extent as well. Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Parts of Human Cell #1 ❖ Nucleus ❖ Cell Membrane ❖ Cytoplasm Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Parts of Human Cell #2 Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Cell Nucleus ❖ Contains genetic material; DNA o Necessary for cell reproduction o Regulates cellular production of proteins ❖ Each cell is “programmed” by the genes for the production of specific proteins o Allows the cell to carry out its function o Maintains cell homeostasis or stability o Promotes cell division Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Cell Membrane #1 ❖ Surrounds the cell ❖ Separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid ❖ Essential for cellular integrity Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Components of Cell Membrane ❖ Cell membrane is made up of lipids and proteins ❖ Several lipids make up the cell membrane o Phospholipids o Glycolipids o Cholesterol ❖ Lipid layer provides a barrier for the cell and maintains homeostasis of the cell Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Cell Membrane #2 Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Receptor Sites ❖ Found on the cell membrane ❖ Specific receptor sites that allow interaction with various chemicals Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Identifying Markers ❖ Surface antigens ❖ Important in the role of cellular immunity ❖ Histocompatibility proteins that allow for self-identification ❖ The body’s immune system recognizes these proteins and acts to protect self-cells and to destroy non-self-cells. Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Channels ❖ Channels or pores that allow for the passage of substances into and out of the cell ❖ Some drugs are designed to affect certain channels within the cell Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Question #1 Tell whether the following statement is true or false. Each cell has a pre-ordained program produced by it’s genes that allow for cell division. Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Answer to Question #1 True Rationale: Each cell is “programmed” by the genes or sequences of DNA that allow for cell division, produce specific proteins that allow the cell to carry out its function, and maintain cell homeostasis or stability. Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Organelles of the Cytoplasm ❖ Mitochondria ❖ Endoplasmic Reticulum ❖ Free Ribosomes ❖ Golgi Apparatus ❖ Lyposomes Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Cell Properties ❖ Endocytosis o Involves incorporation of material into the cell o Pinocytosis and phagocytosis occur ❖ Exocytosis o Removing substances from a cell to pushing them through the cell membrane and secrete the substance outside the cell o Hormones, neurotransmitters, and enzymes are excreted into the body by this process Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Homeostasis of the Cell ❖ Passive Transport o Happens without the expenditure of energy and can occur across any semi-permeable membrane o Occurs by diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion ❖ Active Transport o Energy-requiring process o Movement of particular substances against a concentration gradient o Important in maintaining cell homeostasis Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Passive Transport ❖ Diffusion o Does not require energy o The movement of solutes from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration across a concentration gradient ❖ Osmosis o Does not require energy o Movement of water from an area low in solutes to an area high in solutes Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Phases of the Cell Cycle ❖ G0 Phase o Resting phase ❖ G1 Phase o Gathering phase ❖ S Phase o Synthesizing phase ❖ G2 Phase o Last substances needed for division are collected and produced ❖ M Phase o Actual cell division occurs, producing two identical daughter cells Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved  Question #2 What phase of the cell cycle follows the S phase? a. Go phase b. G1phase c. G2 phase d. M phase Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Answer to Question #2 C. G2 phase Rationale: After the cellular DNA has doubled in preparation for replication, the G2 phase begins. During this phase, the cell produces all the substances required for manufacture of the mitotic spindles. Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Cell Physiology Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved