Chapter 6 States of Consciousness PDF

Chapter 6 1 žWhat is Consciousness? žSleep and Why We Sleep žStages of Sleep žSleep Problems and Disorders žDrugs and Altered Consciousness žOther States of Consciousness 4 1  Consciousness: our immediate awareness of ou...

Chapter 6 1 žWhat is Consciousness? žSleep and Why We Sleep žStages of Sleep žSleep Problems and Disorders žDrugs and Altered Consciousness žOther States of Consciousness 4 1  Consciousness: our immediate awareness of our internal and external states 5 Consciousness: Our immediate awareness of our internal and external states William James coined “stream of consciousness” to signify how we experience our conscious life because consciousness, like a running stream, keeps moving yet seems to be the same Requires attention and awareness 6 2  ž Conscious processing ž Unconscious processing DUAL PROCESSING 7 ž Our conscious awareness processes only a small part of all that we experience. ž We intuitively make use of the information of which we are not consciously aware. 8 3  Inattentional blindness refers to the inability to see an object or a person in our midst. 10 ž We cannot/do not attend to everything ž Change blindness: is the inability to notice changes in a visual scene. 11 4 14 15 5  žSome stimuli are distinct žWe attend to these phenomenon because they draw our attention. 20 žWhat is Consciousness? žSleep and Why We Sleep žStages of Sleep žSleep Problems and Disorders žDrugs and Altered Consciousness žOther States of Consciousness 22 6  Salvador Dali ‘Sleep’ Waking and Sleep Rhythms 23 1) Circadian Rhythms - 24 hours 2.) Ultradian Rhythms - >than once/day - normally ~ 90 minutes 24 7  ž Rhythms 24 hours? SLEEP/WAKE CYCLE Is our circadian rhythm actually 24 hours? No its closer to 25 hours! 25 ž Measuring sleep activity 26 8  When eyes are closed, but the individual is awake, brain activity slows down to large amplitude, slow, regular alpha waves (9- 14 Hz). A meditating person exhibits alpha brain activity. 27 During early light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain enters a high amplitude, slow, regular wave form called theta waves (5-8 Hz). A person daydreaming shows theta activity. Theta Waves K-Complexes 28 9  During deepest sleep (stages 3-4) brain activity slows down. There are large amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 Hz). 29 ž Alpha Waves ¡ Slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain ž Delta Waves ¡ Large, slow waves of deep sleep 30 10  ž Frequently on a 90 min cycle- stages of sleep ž 1>2>3>4>3>2>1>REM 90 minutes 31 With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep increases. 32 11 33 ž Resembles alert wakefulness (EEG) ž “Paradoxical sleep” ž Dreams 34 12  SLEEP IS AN ACTIVE STATE! 1) Recuperative Sleep Theories- ž Life disrupts homeostasis ž Nightly Repairman 2.) Circadian Sleep Theories ž Result of internal timing mechanism ž Evolutionary significant to keep us quiescent in times of danger 35 36 13  More sleep fewer accidents??? Less sleep more accidents 37 Randy Gardner (1965) Science fair project Monitored: Dr. W.C. Dement- behaviour normal Awake 11 days- slept only 14 hrs first night Mrs. Maureen Weston (1977) Rocking chair-a-thon 18 days 17 hr 38 14  Moderate amounts of sleep deprivation (3-4 hr) – Report an increase in sleepiness – Disturbances on written test of mood – Perform poorly on tests of vigilance 2-3 Days continuous deprivation – Microsleeps brief periods of sleep (2-3 sec long) No conclusive evidence that sleep deprivation effects – Complex cognitive function – Motor performance – Physiological function 39 ž Insomnia ¡ Persistent problems in falling or staying asleep ž Somnambulism: Sleepwalking ž Sleep Apnea ¡ Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep ¡ Momentary reawakenings 40 15  ž Narcolepsy ¡ Uncontrollable sleep attacks ž Cataplexy ¡ Sudden loss of muscle tone ž May occur separately or together 41 Awake 1 Sleep stages 2 3 REM 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours of sleep ¡ Occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 sleep ¡ High arousal-- appearance of being terrified ¡ Seldom remembered 42 16 43 1) As Information Processing ¡ Helps facilitate memory 2) As a Physiological Function ¡ Periodic brain stimulation 44 17  3) Activation-synthesis theory Ex. firing in neurons involving balance- falling 45 Every dream is meaningful. “In dreams, we are able to express our wishes and desires, often sexual or violent in nature that have been forced into the unconscious of our minds” 46 18  ž Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) ¡ Wish fulfillment ž Manifest Content ¡ Remembered story line ž LatentContent ¡ Underlying meaning 47 48 19  žWhat is Consciousness? žSleep and Why We Sleep žStages of Sleep žSleep Problems and Disorders žDrugs and Altered Consciousness žOther States of Consciousness 50 DRUGS AND CONSCIOUSNESS 51 20 52 Definition? “a substance that alters the physiology of the body but is not a food or a nutrient” 53 21  DRUGS THAT ALTER PERCEPTIONS OR MOODS 54 Drug tolerance- Decreased effectiveness (or potency) of a drug that results from repeated administration. 55 22  Drug tolerance- decreased Effectiveness (or potency) of a drug that results from repeated administration. Right-shift (less sensitive) in dose response curve 56 1) Physical - Abstinence produces withdrawal 2) Psychological - Cravings without withdrawal 57 23 58 Reports of death due to severe alcohol withdrawal: - Were as high as 35-37% in the early 1900s - Less than 2-5% today 59 24  What is the most dangerous drug? 60 CLASS A POSSESSION: Up to 7 years in Schedule I prison or an unlimited fine or both. Schedule II DEALING: Up to life in prison or an unlimited fine or both. Schedule III CLASS B Up to five years in prison or an Schedule IV unlimited fine or both. Up to 14 years in prison or an Schedule V unlimited fine or both. CLASS C Schedule VI (Precursors) 61 25  ž Councilconstructed in the 70s to advise government on policy ž InUK cannabis had been downgraded to a class C drug from B under Blair’s administration ž GordonBrown’s government Prof David Nutt (2007) wanted to reclassify Chairman (ACMD) cannabis as a Class B Drug University of Bristol 62 Parameter Physical harm One Acute Development of a rational scale to Two Chronic assess the harm of drugs Three Intravenous harm of potential misuse Dependence David Nutt, Leslie A King, William Four Intensity of pleasure Saulsbury, Colin Blakemore Five Psychological dependence Six Physical dependence Lancet 2007; 369: 1047–53 Social harms Seven Intoxication Eight Other social harms Nine Health-care costs Table 1: Assessment parameters Is alcohol worse than ecstasy? 63 26  ž The British government reclassified marijuana as the more dangerous CLASS B drug ž Stating that they did so because of its potentially “lethal” effects. ž There were consequences they had not expected. 65 Professor David J Nutt Awarded the 2013 John Maddox Prize Presented to researchers who have faced great adversity in the dissemination of their science 66 27  1) Depressants ¢ Slow down activity in the CNS ¢ Alcohol, sedatives, opiates 2) Stimulants ¢ Speed up activity in the CNS ¢ Cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, caffeine 3) Hallucinogens ¢ LSD, marijuana, ecstasy 67 68 28  Depressants: 69 0.02-0.03 Relaxation and mood elevation 0.05-0.06 Decreased alertness; mildly impaired judgment 0.08-0.10 Loss of motor coordination 0.2-0.25 Major impairment; slurred speech; highly emotional; confusion; vision 0.45 Coma; LD50 71 29  AVERAGE NIGHT OUT- Who consumes more alcohol? 72 Is there a difference between men and women? ¡ Men have more of enzyme ¡ Body fat ratios Metabolized at a constant rate: ¡ ~1 drink/hr ¡ Metabolism is different than most other drugs 73 30  Effects of alcohol Happy drunk are more pronounced Mean drunk when BAL is rising 74 žBlackout- amnesia ¡ Memories not laid down ¡ Common in alcoholics, 25% in social drinkers žGrayout- amnesia ¡ Can be remembered when person starts to drink again or reminded (cued) of events 75 31  ž Lang et al (1975) ž Drink legitimizes unacceptable behaviour ž Alcohol and “punishment” ž Role of expectancy on aggression 76 RESULTS: Subjects who expect alcohol are more likely to “punish” and “punish more severely” an unseen individual, than those expecting to receive tonic 77 32 78 OPIUM POPPY žOpiate receptors: Discovered while doing research on morphine (Pert and Snyder, 1973) žOpium, morphine, heroin 79 33  žBody stops making natural opiates (e.g. endorphins) žHeroin: ¡ Morphine in bullet packaging ¡ Heroin is really the vehicle that gets through the blood brain barrier faster ¡ Metabolized to morphine 80 žExtreme tolerance ¡ Lethal dose in non-user 200-500 mg ¡ Addicts tolerate doses of 1800 mg žSudden loss of tolerance when drugs are injected in new environments 81 34  žMcMaster University žConditioned drug tolerance žPavlovian conditioning 82 Data Table-1 Initial trials: 30 days of 100 heroin injections Deaths after Heroin Injection (15 mg/kg) 96% ¡ Controls received dextrose 75 died saline during initial trials 64% 50 died 32% TEST: given high dose of died heroin either in same room or different room 25 than the initial trials. 0 CONTROL- DIFFERENT SAME No Heroin ROOM ROOM Experience (Reduced (tolerant) tolerance) 83 35  ž Heroin chippers ž Functional addict 84 Barbiturates (BB) Benzodiazapines (BZP) Others 86 36  Used to treat: ¡ Sleep problems ¡ Anxiety ¡ Sometimes other neuroticisms e.g. OCD 87 Most serious risk of BB use is overdose - In combination with alcohol (supraadditive) - For this reason, Between 1973 and 1976, BB were they are rarely implicated in more than ½ of prescribed suicide deaths 88 37  žSafer than BBs žValium 89 Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine Ecstasy 90 38  Old Turkish proverb: Coffee should be “dark as hell, strong as death, and sweet as love." 91 žBest known member of the family of drugs called methylxanthines 92 39  6 deaths due to caffeine overdose have been reported Lethal dose Convulsions and respiratory distress 95 TOBACCO and NICOTINE 96 40  ž Decreased heart rate ž Increased eating- weight gain ž Inability to concentrate ž Sleep: increased awakenings ž Anxiety, anger, aggression, depression Most: gone within 1 month (6 mo- 9yrs) 97 ž Self-administration of nicotine in animals is rare ž Darwin“The Descent of Man” reports monkeys “smoke tobacco with pleasure” ž Inconsistent in the lab 98 41  Alzheimer’s Disease and Aging studies Nicotine increases memory. Scientists quoted:”I’m not going out and buying a pack of cigarettes” 99 ž Crack: effects exceed the effects of snorted cocaine (even i.v. cocaine) Crack Cocaine ž “Number of new users is declining”? 100 42  žIncreases neurotransmission of dopamine and norepinephrine by blocking reuptake žReuptake: recycling of neurotransmitter https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/mouse/ 101 žSkin popping ¡ Amphetamine ¡ Cocaine žPsychosis žSeizures ¡ Cocaine ¡ Unpredictable 102 43  Serotonin system Hallucinogenic at high doses Physiological responses: ¡ Ý HR ¡ Ý BP ¡ Ý temperature ¡ Dehydration ¡ Bruxism 103 ž Serotonin neurons in monkey ž MDMA- 4 days (5 mg/kg) CONTROL 2 WEEKS 7 YEARS 104 44  Hallucinogens 105 Ergot fungus - St. Anthony’s fire - Convulsions, delirium and hallucinations Mexican Morning Glory - Lysergic acid amide 106 45  Albert Hofmann (1938) Swiss chemist Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) - LSD-25 - synthetic derivative Hofmann, 1938 107 Excerpt from Hofmann’s lab book, as written in “LSD: My Problem Child” 4/19/43 16:20: 0.5 cc of 1/2 promil aqueous solution of diethylamide tartrate orally = 0.25 mg Albert Hofmann: tartrate. Taken diluted with about 10 cc Synthesized water. Tasteless. LSD-25 108 46  Excerpt from Hofmann’s lab book, as written in “LSD: My Problem Child” 17:00: Beginning dizziness, feeling of anxiety, visual distortions, symptoms of Albert Hofmann: paralysis, desire to laugh. Synthesized LSD-25 109 Excerpt from Hofmann’s lab book, as written in “LSD: My Problem Child” Supplement of 4/21: Home by bicycle. From 18:00- ca.20:00 Albert Hofmann: most severe crisis. (See special report.) Synthesized LSD-25 110 47  Oral administration Hit: 0–300 µg (