Oman History and Islamic Culture: Yarubids Dynasty PDF

College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) 1 YARUBIDS DYNASTY From 1624-1742 AD Chapter 4 (A) Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak...

College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) 1 YARUBIDS DYNASTY From 1624-1742 AD Chapter 4 (A) Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Contents ▪Status of Oman before 1624 AD ………………………………………………………. 3 ▪Imam. Nasser bin Murshid ……………………………………………………………… 4 - Internal Conflict ………………………………………………………………………..... 5 - External Invaders ……………………………………………………………………….. 6 ▪Imam. Sultan bin Siaf I ……………………………………………..……………………… 7 ▪Imam. Balabrab bin Sultan …………………………………………..……………………. 9 ▪Conflict on Power ………………………………………………….……………………… 10 ▪Collapse of Yarubids State ………………………………………..……………………. 18 ▪Ture and/or False Questions …………………………….………..…………………….. 26 Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024 2  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Introduction Yarubids dynasty ruled Oman from 1624 to 1742. The dynasty is known for expelling Portuguese from coastal strongholds in Muscat and unifying the country. Yarubids significantly improved agriculture expanded trade, and built Oman intor a major maritime power. Yarubids dynasty also expelled Portuguese from East Africa and established long-lasting settlements on Zanzibar, Mombasa, and other parts of the coast. Amended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini November 7, 2024 3  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Status of Oman Before 1624 AD ▪Oman country was suffering from a lot of political disorder at the end of Nabhanids era, a period that was five centuries years old. ▪There were diverse tribes and authority was in hands of ‘Sheikh’ who was head of tribe, he was called a king or a prince. ▪In addition to Portuguese occupation to coastal parts of Oman. ▪It was essential to reunite the country first, then to release it from foreign invaders. Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024 4  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imam. Nasser bin Murshid Imam. Nasser bin Murshid Al-Yarubi is the founder of powerful Yarubids State. He ruled for exactly (25) years, 1624 to 1649 AD. He was presented as a candidate by Sheikh. Khamis bin Said Al-Shaqsi (who was a teacher of Nasser bin Murshid and later his step-father) in a meeting in Kesra in Al- Rustaq with 70 men from elite of scholars and Omani dignitaries by an agreement between the two schools of Nizwa and Rustaq. He received Imamate in 1034 AH (1624 AD) with an agreement of more than 40 scholars. By then Nasser bin Murshid Al-Yarubi was only 21 years old. Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024 5  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) 1- Internal Conflict ▪Imam. Nasser had to face TWO main issues seriously: 1- Internal Conflict : The Imam first united the country internally, starting from Rustaq (possessor of Rustaq then was his cousin Malik ibn Abi Al Arab Al-Yarubi). Imam then moved to Nakhl village, where his cousin Sultan bin Abi Al Arab was the possessor then to Nizwa, Samad Al Shan, Ibraa in Sharqiyah in addition to Sur and Quriyat, Bahla, then Al Dahrah Governorate. After (10 years) Imam. Nasser reunified Oman after long time of division. Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024 6  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) 2- External Invaders Imam. Nasser bin Murshid prepared to face Portuguese, starting by surrounding them in Sohar. He started attacking Portuguese at their coastal fortresses but when the siege took a long time, he built a castle against Portuguese castle, by that he subdued them in 1643AD. But his mission had not completed because he passed away in 1649 AD. Only Muscat, Matrah and Sohar Fort were left for Portuguese by then. Imam. Nasser died in Nizwa on Friday 10 Rabi II, 1059 AH. Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024 7  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imam. Sultan bin Saif-I ▪Duration: (30) years 1649-1679 AD ▪Imam. Sultan bin Saif-I Al-Yarubi-I was the second Imam of Yarubids Dynasty. He was one of military leaders of Imam. Nasser bin Murshid and he was known for his wisdom and bravery. He liberated Muscat and Matrah from Portuguese in January 1650 AD, in less than a year. ▪He drove Portuguese out of West Coast of India and East Africa and liberated islands of Kilwa, Bata, Zanzibar and Mombasa and combined them to Omani authority to become officially parts of Oman. This way he started ‘Arab–African’ State of Oman. ▪Imam. Sultan I built Nizwa Fort ‘al-shahba’. ▪Imam. Sultan bin Saif-I passed away in 1679 AD November 7, 2024 8 Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak NIZWA FORT November 7, 2024 9  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imam. Belarab bin Sultan Duration: (13) years. 1679-1692 AD Imam. Belarab bin Sultan was a governor (Wali) of Muscat after Portuguese were driven out by his father (Imam. Sultan bin Saif-I) then he became governor of Al Rustaq. After Imam. Belarab bin Sultan was elected by a consensus, he moved from Nizwa to Jibren and built his own castle in Jibren ‘yabreen’. He was well known for his interest in development and education. He built and developed libraries, schools and encouraged education in all parts of Oman. He was supervising educational process himself and he made his castle as a big school where around 50 scholars had graduated from it. Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024 10  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Confliction BUT a big conflict between Belarab and his brother Saif ibn Sultan had involved. Saif besieged his brother Belarab in his castle in Jibren. Leaders of each army suggested that brothers should fight, and the winner would be the new Imam. Belarab was praying to Allah to not face his brother, saying that he preferred to die rather than fighting his own brother. Imam. Belarab passed away inside his castle as he wished, while his brother was besieging him, and he was buried inside the castle in 1692 AD(1104 AH). Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024 11 JABRIN CASTLE November 7, 2024 12 SCHOOL November 7, 2024 13 November 7, 2024 14  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imam. Saif bin Sultan ▪Imam. Saif bin Sultan was a leader of great actions in both internal and external affairs. The power of Oman and its merchant fleet was strengthened in his period. ▪Duration: (19) years. 1692-1711 AD ▪His policy based upon continuing fighting against Portuguese in India and East Africa. Imam. Saif continued to expel Portuguese from Mombasa the coastal city in southeastern Kenya. He sent a large fleet of 3000 men and besieged Mombasa Fort for 33 months until they won in December 1698 AD and brought it under Omani influence again. ▪He also took care of agriculture and dug more than 15 new Falajs. ▪On 16 October, 1711AD Imam. Saif bin Sultan died and buried in Al Rustaq. Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024 15  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imam. Sultan bin Saif-II Imam. Sultan bin Saif II was like his father, known for his strong personality, but Omani historians clearly criticized his waste and misuse of public funds. Duration: (7) years. 1711-1718 AD Imam. Sultan liberated Bahrain from Persians and built Araad Fort. Occupied places from Persian coast: Qishm, Lark in 1717 AD and Hormuz. He also built Hazm castle in Al Rustaq. Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024 16 ARAAD FORT November 7, 2024 17 HAZIM CASTLE November 7, 2024 18  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Collapse of Yarubids State Conflict on Power (Authority): ▪On the death of Sultan bin Saif II, Oman entered a new conflict on the power and leadership because Sultan bin Saif II left several sons, but the eldest son Saif was only 12 years old. ▪Although he was a minor but he was presented as candidate. However, Imamate of a minor is unacceptable since he will not be able to lead Muslims in prayers. ▪To resolve this matter; and on suggestion of Sheikh. Adi bin Sulaiman Al.Thuhli they presented another candidate from the same family, Muhanna bin Sultan, Saif’s uncle. ▪ Election of Muhanna bin Sultan as new Imam took place in Nizwa Fort in May 1720 AD. This election did not obtain tribal consensus, but by majority only. Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024 19  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Conflict on Power (Authority) Shortly after this election Yarub bin Belarab a relative of new Imam launched an attack on Muhanna bin Sultan one year after the election, forcing him in Al Rustaq to abandon Imamate. Yarub bin Belarab kept surrounding Muhanna bin Sultan, before Muhanna giving up he had asked Yarub for protection, Yarub agreed at the beginning but after he got the power he put Muhanna in prison until he died there. Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024 20  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imamate of Saif bin Sultan II ▪On the other side, Al-Rustaq people did not accept Yarub bin Bel’arab and the way he betrayed Muhanna bin Sultan, so they asked Saif bin Sultan II to take Imamate instead and they requested assistance from Balarab bin Nasser (uncle of Saif bin Sultan II and his guardian). ▪Balarab bin Nasser then made preparations to face Yarub bin Balarab, and he gathered and worked with Bani Hanah to attack Yarub bin Balarab. After One year Yarub finally had given up Imamate to Saif bin Sultan II, in 1722 AD without yet reaching the age of 18. Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024 21  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Hinawi- and Hinawi Ghafiri Tribal Confederation Ghafira ▪Bano Ghafir then declared their objection toward authority of Balarab bin Nasser Nor Saif bin Sultan II. So two factions were born then (Hinawi- Ghafiri) so Omani tribes entered a civil war that lasted for 20 years mainly between ; 1. Muhammad bin Nasser Sheikh of Bani Ghafir 2. Khalaf bin Mubarak Sheikh of Bani Hanah Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024 22  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) 1. External Assistance: (Nader Shah) ▪After the death of Muhammad bin Nasser Al Ghafri in a battle in Sohar, they elected Saif ibn Sultan II again, but he was removed after a short period of time for Belarab ibn Hemiar. Saif ibn Sultan II and his followers did not accept this decision so they appealed assistance from Nader Shah (King of Persian) who took opportunity to attack Oman and control it. ▪Belarab ibn Hemiar and Saif ibn Sultan II agreed to liberate the country from Persians occupation, and elected Saif for this mission, but he couldn't lead it successfully, so he was deposed again. Instead of Saif ibn Sultan II , Sultan bin Murshid was then elected in 1742 AD for Imamate, who attempted hard to free most of Omani parts from Persian. Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024 23  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) 2. External Assistance: (Merza Khan) Saif bin Sultan II for the second time appealed assistance from Merza Muhameed Taqee Khan, who took the opportunity to occupy Oman, and could control it from Jilfar to Sohar in 1743 AD. Sultan bin Murshid was killed in a battle against Persian in Sohar, and Oman returned to the time of weakness and disorder what led to the aactual end of the strong Yarubids state. Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024 24 YARUBIDS STATE Doe By : Amira Al Gharibi November 7, 2024 25  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) True and/or False Questions 1. Imam. Nasser bin Murshid ruled Oman for a quarter century. ( ) 2. Nasser bin Murshid was only 17 years old when he became an Imam. ( ) 3. Imam. Sultan bin Saif-I liberated Oman from Persian in less than a year. ( ) 4. Jibren Castle was also called ‘al-shahba’. ( ) 5. Imam. Saif bin Sultan was interested in development and education. ( ) 6. Araad Fort in Bahrain was built by Imam. Sutan bin Saif-II. ( ) 7. Sultan bin Murshid was killed in a battle against Portuguese in Sohar. ( ) 8. Saif bin Sultan-II Al Yarubi appealed for external assistance twice. ( ) Amended by Lawyer Dr. Mubarak November 7, 2024 26