Chapter 2 Chemistry Comes Alive (PDF)

Chapter 2 Chemistry Comes Alive Part 1 Basic Chemistry 2.1 Ma8er is the stuff of the universe and energy moves ma8er. Differen@ate between ma8er and energy and between poten@al energy and kine@c energy. Ma$er Anything that occupies space and has mas...

Chapter 2 Chemistry Comes Alive Part 1 Basic Chemistry 2.1 Ma8er is the stuff of the universe and energy moves ma8er. Differen@ate between ma8er and energy and between poten@al energy and kine@c energy. Ma$er Anything that occupies space and has mass Mass vs. Weight Mass is strictly the amount of ma$er Weight considers_____________________. gravity States of Ma$er Defini7on Human body examples Solids definite shape and volume bones , stomach Liquids changeable shape; definite volume blood plasma Gases changeable shape and volume respiratory Energy We measure its effect on ma8er, its capacity - to do work or put ma3er into mo5on Energy does not have mass, nor does it take up space Poten7al v. Kine7c Energy: Defini@ons and Equa@ons Poten7al Energy bonds stored _____________________ Inactive (_________________) energy ↓ ↓ Kine7c Energy motion Energy in ________________ or ___________________ action Provide an example of poten@al and kine@c energy mass t gravity Describe the major energy forms. Forms of Energy 1. Chemical - bonds stored in _______________ of chemical substances. Example: ATP 2. Electrical - charged movement of _______________ par@cles X Examples: X Household-ba8eries and wires Biological-ac@on poten@als 3. Electromagne5c - travels in ____________________, waves 4. Mechanical - Direct movement ____________________________ of ma8er. Examples: Bicycles and hammers Conver7ng forms of Energy Light bulb- __________________to electrical electromagnetic ___________________ - energy lost in form of heat. Car- _______________________ chemical mechanical to____________________ - gas to rota@on of @res 2.2 The proper@es of an element depend on the structure of its atoms. Define chemical element and list the four elements that form the bulk of body ma8er. Elements cannot be further broken apart into simpler substances. - All elements are made of __________________. atoms - All element's atoms differ from those of all other elements. - Give the element its unique physical and chemical proper7es. Physical proper7es - can be measured (density, solubility, mel@ng point) - can be detected by our senses (color and texture). Chemical proper7es - the way atoms interact with other atoms - i.e., their bonding behavior. Four elements make up 96% of body: - Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen - 9 elements make up 3.9% of body - 11 elements make up - Hormones - tensile strength in o bones, tendons, ligaments, skin d. Contractile proteins - Muscle o actin o myosin Globular/Functional proteins Features - chemically active - water soluble Ea Types b. Enzymes-catalysts c. Transport proteins-move substances F Ea e. Hormones-growth and metabolism f. Antibodies-immune system Protein Denatura9on When does this occur? Environmental condi9ons not in their normal range. What has changed? pH temperature What is the result of these changes? Nonfunc9onal proteins - cannot complete their task. Breaks _____________________ hydrogen bonding - changes folding of protein. Enzyme ac?on Func?on - lowers ____________________ the ac8va8on energy o increases the reac9on rate. Ac?va?on energy - Energy barrier required to convert reactant into product. - Reactants must overcome the repulsion of electrons in the valence shell. Steps during catalysis 1. E-S complex forma?on - Substrate binds to the ______________in reactant or ________________ active site the enzyme. 2. E-S complex rearrangement - functional of the substrate. amino acids in react with __________________ - Electrons move to convert substrate into product 3. Enzyme releases product  Enzymes and Enzyme Ac9vity What is an enzyme? Biological catalyst What is their func9on? Increase the rate of the reac9on without being used up. Characteris?cs of Enzymes Requirements for func9onal enzymes - Apoenzyme - Cofactor cofactor When both components are present Apoenzyme (non-protein) Holoenzyme - enzyme termed a __________________. holoenzyme - protein - ____________ holo- means complete. Apoenzymes - protein component - AKA Zymogens or Proenzymes o inac9ve enzyme. Cofactors (two types) 1. Organic = Coenzyme - Typically derived from vitamins. - Examples: ATP, FAD, NAD+, Bio9n 2. Inorganic = Cofactor - Metals such as Mg 2+ and Fe2+ Putng it all together Hexokinase is a holoenzyme - Requires Mg2+ as a ___________________. cofactor Succinate dehydrogenase is a holoenzyme - Requires FAD as a _____________________. coenzyme - Complex II in ETC If the cofactors are NOT present, it’s termed a Apoenzyme/Zymogen/Proenzyme 2.11 DNA and RNA store, transmit, and help express geneOc informaOon. Nucleic Acids Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. Composi?on CHONP Dexoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Roles of DNA and RNA DNA Loca?on - Found in ____________________ nucleus Func?on - Instruc9ons to build proteins - Determines type of organism G O Structure - Double stranded Sugar - Deoxyribose RNA Loca?on and Func?on - Found in ______________________ cytoplasm - template to synthesize proteins Structure - single stranded Sugar - Ribose Types of RNA mRNA tRNA rRNA microRNAs  Structure of DNA and RNA Structural units Nucleo9des composed of - nitrogen containing base - pentose sugar - phosphate group Nitrogen containing bases include: > 2 H pinds Purines - >3 - It bonds - Adenine and Guanine pure AG Pyrimidines - Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine CuT Dy Double Helix hydrogen bonds. Nucleo9des held together by _______________ Complementary base pairing DNA A-T and C-G RNA uracil ________________ replaces Thymine 2.12 ATP transfers energy to other compounds Explain the role of ATP in cell metabolism. potential energy ↳ chemical ATP Func?on - primary energy-transferring molecule in cells - provides a form of energy immediately usable by all body cells. - Adenine - metabolic currency Structure - adenine-containing RNA nucleo9de - two addi9onal phosphate groups ribose Energy storing capacity. AMP - High amount of poten9al energy ADP o due to _________________ repulsion of nega9vely charged triphosphates. ATP o more _________________ Stable when terminal phosphate is hydrolyzed. Cellular effect ATP used during coupled reac?ons. - enzyme transfers terminal phosphate group to another molecule during phosphoryla?on. Newly phosphorylated molecules temporarily become more energe?c - become capable of performing cellular work. The amount of energy released and transferred drives most biochemical reac9ons. Hydrolysis Terminal ATP bond is broken yielding ADP and Pi - ADP accumulates o can yield AMP Transport ATP replenished - use glucose and other fuel molecules Conserva9on of energy The same amount of energy liberated during hydrolysis is recaptured Mechanical - used to reverse the reac9on to reaZach phosphates Cellular processes that require ATP Transport work: substance transport across cell membrane Mechanical work: muscle contrac9on Chemical work: molecular synthesis and degrada9on (enzymes) chemical