ch03-Networking Topologies, Connectors and Wiring Standards.ppt

CYB201 – Network+ Chapter 3 Networking Connectors and Wiring Standards CHAPTER 3: OBJECTIVES  ✓2.0 Infrastructure  ✓2.1 Given a scenario, deploy the appropriate cabling solution.  Media types  Copper  UTP  STP  Coaxial  Fiber...

CYB201 – Network+ Chapter 3 Networking Connectors and Wiring Standards CHAPTER 3: OBJECTIVES  ✓2.0 Infrastructure  ✓2.1 Given a scenario, deploy the appropriate cabling solution.  Media types  Copper  UTP  STP  Coaxial  Fiber  Single-mode  Multimode  Plenum vs. PVC  Connector types  Copper  RJ-45  RJ-11  BNC  DB-9  DB-25  F-type 2 PHYSICAL MEDIA Let’s take a look at the three types of popular cables used in modern networking designs:  Coaxial  Twisted pair  Fiber optic 3 COAX  Coaxial cable, referred to as coax, contains a center conductor made of copper that’s surrounded by a plastic jacket with a braided shield over it.  A plastic such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC, commonly known as Teflon) covers this metal shield.  The Teflon-type covering is frequently referred to as a plenum-rated coating, and it’s often mandated by local or municipal fire code when cable is hidden in walls and ceilings. 4 THINNET COAX 5 BNC CONNECTORS You can attach a BNC connector to the cable with a crimper that looks like a weird pair of pliers and has a die to crimp the connector. A simple squeeze crimps the connector to the cable. You can use a BNC coupler to connect two male connectors together or two female connectors together. 6  TWISTED-PAIR CABLE  Twisted-pair cable consists of multiple individually insulated wires that are twisted together in pairs.  Sometimes a metallic shield is placed around them; hence the name shielded twisted-pair (STP).  Cable without outer shielding is called unshielded twisted-pair (UTP), and it’s used in twisted-pair Ethernet (10Base-T, 100Base-TX, 1000Base-TX) networks.  So why are the wires in this cable type twisted? Because when electromagnetic signals are conducted on copper wires in close proximity—like inside a cable—it causes interference called crosstalk. Twisting two wires together as a pair minimizes interference and even protects against interference from outside sources. 7 UNSHIELDED TWISTED-PAIR This cable type is the most common today for the following reasons:  It’s cheaper than other types of cabling.  It’s easy to work with.  It allows transmission rates that were impossible 10 years ago.  UTP cable is rated in these categories:  Cat1  Cat2  Cat3  Cat4  Cat5  Cat5e  Cat6  Cat7  Cat8 8 CABLE CATEGORIES – NO LONGER USED Category 1 Two twisted wire pairs (four wires). It's the oldest type and is only voice grade—it isn't rated for data communication. People refer to it as plain old telephone service (POTS). Not used for Networking Category 2 Four twisted wire pairs (eight wires). It handles up to 4 Mbps, with a frequency limitation of 10 MHz, and is now obsolete. Category 3 Four twisted wire pairs (eight wires) with three twists per foot. This type can handle transmissions up to 16 MHz. It was popular in the mid-1980s for up to 10 Mbps Ethernet, but it's now limited to telecommunication equipment and, again, is obsolete for networks. Category 4 Four twisted wire pairs (eight wires), rated for 20 MHz; also obsolete. Category 5 Four twisted wire pairs (eight wires), used for 100BaseTX (two pair wiring) and rated for 100 MHz. CABLE CATEGORIES - CURRENT Category 7: Category 7 cable, Cat 7, allows 10 Gigabit Ethernet over 100 meters of copper cabling. The cable contains four twisted copper wire pairs, just like the earlier standards. RJ CONNECTORS BNC connectors won't fit very well on UTP cable, so you need to use a registered jack (RJ) connector, which you're familiar with because most telephones connect with them. The connector used with UTP cable is called RJ-11 for phones that use four wires; RJ-45 has four pairs (eight wires) 11 RJ45 Pinouts The pin-outs in an RJ-45 connector BNC connectors won't fit very well on UTP cable, so you need to use a registered jack (RJ) connector FIBER OPTIC  Because fiber-optic cable transmits digital signals using light impulses rather than electricity, it’s immune to EMI and RFI.  The cable itself comes in either single-mode fiber (SMF) or multimode fiber (MMF); the difference between them is in the number of light rays (the number of signals) they can carry. Multimode fiber is most often used for shorter-distance applications and single-mode fiber for spanning longer distances. 13 FIBER OPTIC Although fiber-optic cable may sound like the solution to many problems, it has pros and cons just like the other cable types. Here are the pros:  Is completely immune to EMI and RFI  Can transmit up to 40 kilometers (about 25 miles) And here are the cons:  Is difficult to install  Is more expensive then twisted-pair  Troubleshooting equipment is more expensive then twisted- pair test equipment  Is harder to troubleshoot 14 ST CONNECTOR EXAMPLES The ST fiber-optic connector (developed by AT&T) is one of the most widely used fiber- optic connectors; it uses a BNC attachment mechanism similar to thinnet's that makes connections and disconnections fairly frustration free. 15 SC CONNECTOR EXAMPLES The SC connector is another type of fiber-optic connector. SC connectors are latched —a mechanism holds the connector in securely and prevents it from falling out. 16  Fiber-optic transceivers can be either unidirectional (simplex) or bidirectional (duplex). Bidirectional communication is possible if the cable used is following the EEE 802.3ah 1000BASE-BX10-D and 1000BASE-BX10-U standards. The communication over a single strand of fiber is achieved by separating the transmission wavelength of the two devices FIBRE-OPTIC TRANSCEIVERS MT-RJ AND LC FIBER CONNECTORS LC is a newer style of SFF fiber-optic connector that's pulling ahead of the MT- RJ. It's especially popular for use with Fibre-Channel adapters (FCs) and is a standard used for fast storage area networks and Gigabit Ethernet adapters. The MT-RJ fiber-optic connector was the first small form factor fiber- optic connector to be widely used, and it's only one-third the size of the SC and ST connectors it most often replaces. 18 MEDIA CONVERTERS Sometimes, you'll need to convert from one media type to another. Maybe you need to go from one mode of fiber to another mode, or in an even more extreme case, you need to go from fiber to Ethernet. If you're faced with situations like these, you'll need to be familiar with some of the more common media converters: MEDIA CONVERTERS (CONT.) BROADBAND OVER POWER LINE SERIAL CABLES Except for multimode fiber, all the cable varieties talked about so far are considered serial cable types. In network communications, serial means that one bit after another is sent out onto the wire or fiber and interpreted by a network card or other type of interface on the other end. UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS Universal Serial Bus (USB) is now the built-in serial bus used on most motherboards. You usually get a maximum of 4 external USB interfaces, but add-on adapters can take that up to as many as 16 serial interfaces. USB can connect a maximum of 127 external devices, and it's a much more flexible peripheral bus than either serial or parallel. CABLE PROPERTIES Transmission Speeds Distance Duplex Noise Immunity (Security, EMI) Frequency WIRING STANDARDS There are different types of Ethernet wiring standards available:  T568B/A  Straight-through cable  Crossover cable  Rolled cable (rollover)  Hardware loopback 25 STRAIGHT-THROUGH ETHERNET CABLE 26 CROSSOVER CABLE 27 ROLLOVER/ROLLED CABLE 28 Cable Testing What Cable would you use? Switch Switch What Cable would you use? Router Console INSTALLING WIRING DISTRIBUTIONS  MDF/IDF  The main distribution frame (MDF) is a wiring point that's generally used as a reference point for telephone lines. It's also considered the WAN termination point. It's installed in the building as part of the prewiring, and the internal lines are connected to it. After that, all that's left is to connect the external (telephone company) lines to the other side to complete the circuit.  Demarc/Demarc Extension  The demarc (short for demarcation) is the last point of responsibility for the service provider. It's often at the MDF in your building connection, especially if your building is large, but it's usually just an RJ-45 jack that your channel service unit/data service unit (CSU/DSU) connects from your router to wide area network (WAN) connections.  Smart Jack  A smart jack, also called a network interface device (NID) or network interface unit (NIU), is owned by the PSTN and is a special network interface that's often used between the service provider's network and the internal network. 32 110 block A newer type of wiring distribution point called a 110 block has replaced most telephone wire installations and is also used for computer networking. On one side, wires are punched down; the other side has RJ-11 (for phone) or RJ-45 (for network) connections. SUMMARY  Summary  Exam Essentials Section  Written Labs  Review Questions 34