Chapter 9 Keywords: Development Stages PDF

keywordsaccommodation adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known adolescence period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood adrenarche ma...

keywordsaccommodation adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known adolescence period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood adrenarche maturing of the adrenal glands advance directivea written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants (see living will) assimilation adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known attachment long-standing connection or bond with others authoritarian parenting style parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child authoritative parenting style parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child’s point of view avoidant attachment characterized by child’s unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves cognitive development domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity cognitive empathy ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others conceptionwhen a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote concrete operational stage third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events conservation idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed continuous development view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills critical (sensitive) period time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop developmental milestone approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events keywordsaccommodation adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known 1  discontinuous development view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages disorganized attachment characterized by the child’s odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused do not resuscitate (DNR)a legal document stating that if a person stops breathing or their heart stops, medical personnel such as doctors and nurses are not to take steps to revive or resuscitate the patient egocentrism preoperational child’s difficulty in taking the perspective of others embryo multi-cellular organism in its early stages of development emerging adulthood newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s; young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family fine motor skills use of muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes to coordinate small actions formal operational stage final stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations gonadarche maturing of the sex glands gross motor skills use of large muscle groups to control arms and legs for large body movements health care proxya legal document that appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for a patient if they are unable to speak for themselves hospiceservice that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting living willa written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants; may include health care proxy menarchebeginning of menstrual period; around 12–13 years old mitosisprocess of cell division motor skills ability to move our body and manipulate objects nature genes and biology newborn reflexes inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with normative approach study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones nurtureenvironment and culture object permanence idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists keywordsaccommodation adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known 2  permissive parenting style parents make few demands and rarely use punishment physical development domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness placentastructure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing baby prenatal care medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus preoperational stage second stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically primary sexual characteristics organs specifically needed for reproduction psychosexual development process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life psychosocial developmentdomain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships psychosocial development process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood resistant attachment characterized by the child’s tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when they attempt to interact with the child reversibility principle that objects can be changed, but then returned back to their original form or condition schema (plural = schemata) concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information secondary sexual characteristics physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs secure attachment characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore secure base parental presence that gives the infant/toddler a sense of safety as they explore their surroundings sensorimotor stage first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior socioemotional selectivity theory social support/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years spermarche first male ejaculation keywordsaccommodation adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known 3  stage of moral reasoning process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development temperament innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment teratogen biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus uninvolved parenting style parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don’t respond to the child’s needs and make relatively few demands zygotestructure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placenta keywordsaccommodation adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known 4