Chapter 5 Keywords PDF

key words absolute thresholdminimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time afterimagecontinuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus amplitudeheight of a wave basila...

key words absolute thresholdminimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time afterimagecontinuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus amplitudeheight of a wave basilar membranethin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells which serve as the sensory receptors for the auditory system binaural cuetwo-eared cue to localize sound binocular cuecue that relies on the use of both eyes binocular disparityslightly different view of the world that each eye receives blind spotpoint where we cannot respond to visual information in that portion of the visual field bottom-up processingsystem in which perceptions are built from sensory input closureorganizing our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts cochleafluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells of the auditory system cochlear implantelectronic device that consists of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array to directly stimulate the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain conductive hearing lossfailure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles conespecialized photoreceptor that works best in bright light conditions and detects color congenital deafnessdeafness from birth congenital insensitivity to pain (congenital analgesia)genetic disorder that results in the inability to experience pain key words 1  corneatransparent covering over the eye deafnesspartial or complete inability to hear decibel (dB)logarithmic unit of sound intensity depth perceptionability to perceive depth electromagnetic spectrumall the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment figure-ground relationshipsegmenting our visual world into figure and ground foveasmall indentation in the retina that contains cones frequencynumber of waves that pass a given point in a given time period Gestalt psychologyfield of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts good continuation(also, continuity) we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines hair cellauditory receptor cell of the inner ear hertz (Hz)cycles per second; measure of frequency inattentional blindnessfailure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention incusmiddle ear ossicle; also known as the anvil inflammatory painsignal that some type of tissue damage has occurred interaural level differencesound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through the head interaural timing differencesmall difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear iriscolored portion of the eye just noticeable differencedifference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli kinesthesiaperception of the body’s movement through space key words 2  lenscurved, transparent structure that provides additional focus for light entering the eye linear perspectiveperceive depth in an image when two parallel lines seem to converge malleusmiddle ear ossicle; also known as the hammer Meissner’s corpuscletouch receptor that responds to pressure and lower frequency vibrations Ménière's diseaseresults in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear Merkel’s disktouch receptor that responds to light touch monaural cueone-eared cue to localize sound monocular cuecue that requires only one eye neuropathic painpain from damage to neurons of either the peripheral or central nervous system nociceptionsensory signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain olfactory bulbbulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe, where the olfactory nerves begin olfactory receptorsensory cell for the olfactory system opponent-process theory of color perceptioncolor is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and red-green optic chiasmX-shaped structure that sits just below the brain’s ventral surface; represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes and the separation of information from the two sides of the visual field to the opposite side of the brain optic nervecarries visual information from the retina to the brain ossiclesthree tiny bones in the middle ear consisting of the malleus, incus, and stapes Pacinian corpuscletouch receptor that detects transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations pattern perceptionability to discriminate among different figures and shapes key words 3  peak(also, crest) highest point of a wave perceptionway that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced perceptual hypothesiseducated guess used to interpret sensory information pheromonechemical message sent by another individual photoreceptorlight-detecting cell pinnavisible part of the ear that protrudes from the head pitchperception of a sound’s frequency place theory of pitch perceptiondifferent portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies principle of closureorganize perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts proprioceptionperception of body position proximitythings that are close to one another tend to be grouped together pupilsmall opening in the eye through which light passes retinalight-sensitive lining of the eye rodspecialized photoreceptor that works well in low light conditions Ruffini corpuscletouch receptor that detects stretch sensationwhat happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor sensorineural hearing lossfailure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain sensory adaptationnot perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time signal detection theorychange in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state similaritythings that are alike tend to be grouped together stapesmiddle ear ossicle; also known as the stirrup key words 4  subliminal messagemessage presented below the threshold of conscious awareness taste budgrouping of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud temporal theory of pitch perceptionsound’s frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron thermoceptiontemperature perception timbredescriptive term which refers to a sound’s quality; impacted by the interplay of frequency, amplitude, and timing of sound waves top-down processinginterpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts transductionconversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential trichromatic theory of color perceptioncolor vision is mediated by the activity across the three groups of cones troughlowest point of a wave tympanic membraneeardrum umamitaste for monosodium glutamate vertigospinning sensation vestibular sensecontributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture visible spectrumportion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see wavelengthlength of a wave from one peak to the next peak key words 5