Ch 3 Keywords PDF

key wordsaction potentialelectrical signal that moves down the neuron’s axon adrenal glandsits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response agonistdrug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter...

key wordsaction potentialelectrical signal that moves down the neuron’s axon adrenal glandsits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response agonistdrug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter all-or-nonephenomenon that incoming signal from another neuron is either sufficient or insufficient to reach the threshold of excitation allelespecific version of a gene amygdalastructure in the limbic system involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories antagonistdrug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter auditory cortexstrip of cortex in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory information autonomic nervous systemcontrols our internal organs and glands axonmajor extension of the soma biological perspectiveview that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems Broca’s arearegion in the left hemisphere that is essential for language production central nervous system (CNS)brain and spinal cord cerebellumhindbrain structure that controls our balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, and it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory cerebral cortexsurface of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilities key wordsaction potentialelectrical signal that moves down the neuron’s axon 1  chromosomelong strand of genetic information computerized tomography (CT) scanimaging technique in which a computer coordinates and integrates multiple x-rays of a given area corpus callosumthick band of neural fibers connecting the brain’s two hemispheres dendritebranch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)helix-shaped molecule made of nucleotide base pairs diabetesdisease related to insufficient insulin production dominant alleleallele whose phenotype will be expressed in an individual that possesses that allele electroencephalography (EEG)recording the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes on the scalp endocrine systemseries of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones epigeneticsstudy of gene-environment interactions, such as how the same genotype leads to different phenotypes fight or flight responseactivation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, allowing access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that we might fight off a given threat or run away to safety forebrainlargest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the limbic system, among other structures fraternal twinstwins who develop from two different eggs fertilized by different sperm, so their genetic material varies the same as in non-twin siblings frontal lobepart of the cerebral cortex involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language; contains motor cortex functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)MRI that shows changes in metabolic activity over time genesequence of DNA that controls or partially controls physical characteristics key wordsaction potentialelectrical signal that moves down the neuron’s axon 2  genetic environmental correlationview of gene-environment interaction that asserts our genes affect our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes genotypegenetic makeup of an individual glial cellnervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport gonadsecretes sexual hormones, which are important for successful reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior gyrus(plural: gyri) bump or ridge on the cerebral cortex hemisphereleft or right half of the brain heterozygousconsisting of two different alleles hindbraindivision of the brain containing the medulla, pons, and cerebellum hippocampusstructure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory homeostasisstate of equilibrium—biological conditions, such as body temperature, are maintained at optimal levels homozygousconsisting of two identical alleles hormonechemical messenger released by endocrine glands hypothalamusforebrain structure that regulates sexual motivation and behavior and a number of homeostatic processes; serves as an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system identical twinstwins that develop from the same sperm and egg lateralizationconcept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions limbic systemcollection of structures involved in processing emotion and memory longitudinal fissuredeep groove in the brain’s cortex magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)magnetic fields used to produce a picture of the tissue being imaged medullahindbrain structure that controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate key wordsaction potentialelectrical signal that moves down the neuron’s axon 3  membrane potentialdifference in charge across the neuronal membrane midbraindivision of the brain located between the forebrain and the hindbrain; contains the reticular formation motor cortexstrip of cortex involved in planning and coordinating movement mutationsudden, permanent change in a gene myelin sheathfatty substance that insulates axons nervous systemmade up of billions of neurons and controls our thoughts, responses, and movements; divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) neuroncells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system neuroplasticitynervous system's ability to change neurotransmitterchemical messenger of the nervous system Nodes of Ranvieropen spaces that are found in the myelin sheath that encases the axon occipital lobepart of the cerebral cortex associated with visual processing; contains the primary visual cortex pancreassecretes hormones that regulate blood sugar parasympathetic nervous systemassociated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body parietal lobepart of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information; contains the primary somatosensory cortex peripheral nervous system (PNS)connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body phenotypeindividual’s inheritable physical characteristics pituitary glandsecretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands in the endocrine system polygenicmultiple genes affecting a given trait key wordsaction potentialelectrical signal that moves down the neuron’s axon 4  ponshindbrain structure that connects the brain and spinal cord; involved in regulating brain activity during sleep positron emission tomography (PET) scaninvolves injecting individuals with a mildly radioactive substance and monitoring changes in blood flow to different regions of the brain prefrontal cortexarea in the frontal lobe responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning psychotropic medicationdrugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance range of reactionasserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall receptorprotein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach recessive alleleallele whose phenotype will be expressed only if an individual is homozygous for that allele resting potentialthe state of readiness of a neuron membrane’s potential between signals reticular formationmidbrain structure important in regulating the sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness, and motor activity reuptakeneurotransmitter is pumped back into the neuron that released it semipermeable membranecell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules somacell body somatic nervous systemrelays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS somatosensory cortexessential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain substantia nigramidbrain structure where dopamine is produced; involved in control of movement sulcus(plural: sulci) depressions or grooves in the cerebral cortex key wordsaction potentialelectrical signal that moves down the neuron’s axon 5  sympathetic nervous systeminvolved in stress-related activities and functions synaptic cleftsmall gap between two neurons where communication occurs synaptic vesiclestorage site for neurotransmitters temporal lobepart of cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language; contains primary auditory cortex terminal buttonaxon terminal containing synaptic vesicles thalamussensory relay for the brain theory of evolution by natural selectionstates that organisms that are better suited for their environments will survive and reproduce compared to those that are poorly suited for their environments threshold of excitationlevel of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active thyroidsecretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite ventral tegmental area (VTA)midbrain structure where dopamine is produced: associated with mood, reward, and addiction Wernicke’s areaimportant for speech comprehension key wordsaction potentialelectrical signal that moves down the neuron’s axon 6