General Biology Module 2 PDF

General Biology 1 2 “Cell Types and Cell Modification” MR. CLEARED LUYA  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 CELL TYPES AND CELL MODIFICATIONS classify different cell types (plant/animal tissue) and specify the functions of each describe some...

General Biology 1 2 “Cell Types and Cell Modification” MR. CLEARED LUYA  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 CELL TYPES AND CELL MODIFICATIONS classify different cell types (plant/animal tissue) and specify the functions of each describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specialized functions  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 A cell type is a classification used to distinguish between morphologically or phenotypically distinct cell forms within a species. NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Plant Cells Plant cells are multicellular eukaryotic cells that make up a plant (a group of eukaryotes belonging to the Plantae kingdom, with the ability to synthesis their own food using water, Sunlight and CO2). NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Types of Plant Cells 1.Parenchyma cells They are live thin-walled cells with permeable walls that are undifferentiated. They do not have a specialized structure hence they easily adapt and differentiate into a variety of cells performing different functions.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Two Types of Parenchyma Cells: Functions of Parenchyma Cells Palisade parenchyma: columnar light penetration and absorption elongated structured cells found in a and regulating gas exchange variety of leaves, lying below the transportation of small molecules epidermal tissue. Palisades are between the cells and the cell closely linked cells in layers of cytoplasm. mesophyll cells found in leaf cells. assists in light absorption used in Ray parenchyma: has both radial photosynthesis. and horizontal arrangement majorly transport materials along the plant found within the stem wood of the stem plant. transportation of water and food materials in the plant.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Types of Plant Cells 2.Collenchyma cells They are elongated cells found below the epidermis and/or in young plants on the outer layers of their stems and leaves. They become alive after maturing up and are derivatives of the meristems and they are found in the vascular and/or on the plant stem corners. They occur in the peripheral region of the plant and they are not found in the plant roots.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Types of Collenchyma Cells (based on thickness of wall and cell arrangement) Angular collenchyma: most common type of collenchyma cells. They are found below the epidermis as hypodermis. The cells appear to have an angle and a polygonal shape. The cells are thickened at the corners of the cell. The cells do not have intracellular spaces since they are closely packed together Annular collenchyma: The walls are uniformly thickened. The cells appear to be circular in shape Lamellar collenchyma: The cells are thickened on the periphery making them appear tangentially arranged in rows. They are closely packed together and therefore they don’t have intracellular spaces. They are commonly formed and found in the leaf's petioles. Lacunar collenchyma: These are cells are formed spaciously leaving intracellular spaces between each other. The cell wall thickens around the intracellular spaces. They appear spherically shaped. They are formed and found in the walls of fruits.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Functions of the Collenchyma Cells Being the living cells in plant tissues, they give support to the plant areas that are growing and maturing in length. They offer flexibility and tensile strength to plant tissues, allowing the plants to bend. They also allow the plant parts to grow and elongate. Collenchyma can combine with the chloroplast and perform the process of photosynthesis. NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Types of Plant Cells 3.Sclerenchyma cells These are collenchyma cells that have an agent of the cell wall that plays a major role in hardening its cell wall. Therefore, these are mature Collenchyma cells with a secondary cell wall, over the primary cell wall. They are found in all plant roots and they are important in anchoring and giving support to the plants.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Types of sclerenchyma cells Functions of the sclerenchyma cells Fiber sclerenchyma cells Due to their thickened cell wall, they Sclereid sclerenchyma cells offer protection and support to other plants’ tissues especially the tree trunks and fibers of large herbal trees. The hardened cell wall discourages herbivory. Ingestion of the hard cell wall causes damage to the digestive tract of larval stage insects, especially in peach fruits. Sclerenchyma found fibers are used in making fabric, thread, and yarns.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Types of Plant Cells 4.Xylem Cells 5.Phloem Cells Xylem cells are complex cells found in the These cells are located outside the vascular tissues of plants, mostly in woody xylem layer of cells. They become plants. alive at maturity because they need The primary function of the xylem cells is to the energy to move materials. They transport water and soluble nutrients, function to transport food from the minerals and inorganic ions upwardly from plant leaves to other parts of the the roots of the plants and its parts. These plant. They also have a flaccid cell elements flow freely through the wall hence they lack tensile strength xylem tracheids and vessel elements with that allows them to move materials at the aid of the xylem sap. high pressure. NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Types of Plant Cells 6.Meristematic cells They are also known as the meristems. These are the cells in a plant that divide continuously throughout the life of a plant. They have a self-renewal ability and high metabolisms to control the cell. Types of meristematic cells Apical meristems – they are found at the tips of roots and stems that have started growing and they contribute to the length of the plant Lateral meristems – They are found in the radial part of the stem and roots and they contribute to the plant thickness Intercalary meristems – they are found at the base of the leaves and the contribution to the size variance of the leaves.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Functions of the meristematic cells They play a major role in the length and width sizes of the plants they also give variance in the sizes of the plant leaves. They differentiate and mature into permanent tissues of the plants.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Types of Plant Cells 7.Epidermal Cells These are the external cells of the plants offering protection from water loss, pathogenic invaders such as fungi. They are placed closely together with no intracellular spaces. They are covered with a waxy cuticle layer to reduce water loss. These cells cover the plant stems, leaves, roots and plant seeds. Types of epidermal cells Pavement cells: maintain the plants’ internal temperature Stomatal guard cells: There are two types of guard cells defined by the structure -- those that control water availability by opening and closing the stomata by maintaining turgor pressure and those that regulate the exchange of gases into and out of the leaves’ stomata. Trichomes: These are also known as epidermal hairs found on the epidermal tissue. They play a major role in protecting the plants from predators and pathogens, by acting as trappers and poisoners to animal predators.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Plant Tissues Dermal tissue – this tissue lies on the surface of plants and is made up of epidermal cells that protect the plants from losing water. Ground tissue – This makes up the root vascular and epidermal system majorly made up of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells responsible for plant photosynthesis, storage of water and food and the plant support system. Vascular Tissue – this tissue is made up of xylem, phloem, parenchyma and cambium cells, with its functions including transportation of water (xylem), transportation of food (phloem), minerals, hormones NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Animal Cells Animal cells are generally smaller than plant cells. Another defining characteristic is its irregular shape. This is due to the absence of a cell wall.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Epithelial Tissue Epithelial cells are the cellular components of the epithelium Location (pleural: epithelia). Epithelia are Covering the whole external surface of layers of contiguous cells that line the body, as part of the skin. the surfaces of organs and tissues. Lining interior tracts which open to the exterior, such as the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. Lining interior enclosed spaces, such as blood vessels, the peritoneum, the pleura and the pericardial sac.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Types of Epithelial Cells According to Layers Simple: epithelia which Types of Epithelial Cells According to Shape are one cell layer thick cuboidal—for secretion Stratified: consist simple columnar—brick-shaped cells; for of multiple layers of cells, with secretion and active absorption one layer anchored to the simple squamous—plate-like cells; for basement membrane, known exchange of material through diffusion as the basal layer. stratified squamous—multilayered and regenerates quickly; for protection pseudo-stratified columnar—single layer of cells; may just look stacked because of varying height; for lining of respiratory tract; usually lined with cilia  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Connective Tissue Cells BLOOD —made up of plasma (i.e., liquid extracellular matrix); contains water, salts, and dissolved proteins; erythrocytes that carry oxygen (RBC), leukocytes for defense (WBC), and platelets for blood clotting. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER (CTP)—made up of loose connective tissue that is found in the skin and fibrous connective tissue that is made up of collagenous fibers found in tendons and ligaments. Adipose tissues are also examples of loose connective tissues that store fats which functions to insulate the body and store energy NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Connective Tissue Cells CARTILAGE —characterized by collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate. Chondrocytes are the cells that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate. Cartilage functions as cushion between bones. BONE —mineralized connective tissue made by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts which deposit collagen. The matrix of collagen is combined with calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions to make the bone hard. Blood vessels and nerves are found at a central canal surrounded by concentric circles of osteons.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Nervous Tissue—These tissues are composed of nerve cells called neurons and glial cells that function as support cells. These neurons sense stimuli and transmit electrical signals throughout the animal body. Neurons connect to other neurons to send signals. The dendrite is the part of the neuron that receives impulses from other neurons while the axon is the part where the impulse is transmitted to other neurons.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY Cell Modification Cell specialization (or modification or differentiation) is actually a process that occurs after cell division where the newly formed cells are structurally modified so that they can perform their function efficiently and effectively.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY CHOOSE ONE(1) BETWEEN THE TOPICS PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELLS AND PRESENT IT IN A CREATIVE WAY. STRICTLY NO DISCUSSION/REPORTING IN PRESENTATION  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 1. __________ is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development and evolution.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 2. All organisms are composed of similar units of organization, called __________.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 3. The process where in all cells come from pre-existing cells.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 4. __________ is also known as the cell membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 5. __________ (endo- = “within”) is a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. It includes a variety of organelles  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 6. Endoplasmic Reticulum that gets its name from the bumpy ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 7. Endoplasmic Reticulum that is continuous with the rough ER but has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 8. An organelle made up of flattened discs of membrane where the sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins occur.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 9. An organelle that contains digestive enzymes and acts as the organelle-recycling facility of an animal cell. It breaks down old and unnecessary structures so their molecules can be reused.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 10. It houses enzymes involved in oxidation reactions, which produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 11. A group of eukaryotes belonging to the __________.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 12. Type of Plant cells which they easily adapt and differentiate into a variety of cells performing different functions.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 13. Type of Plant cells that offer flexibility and tensile strength to plant tissues, allowing the plants to bend. They also allow the plant parts to grow and elongate.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 14. Type of Plant cells that hardened cell wall discourages herbivory. Ingestion of the hard cell wall causes damage to the digestive tract of larval stage insects, especially in peach fruits.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 15. Type of Plant cells that the primary function of the xylem cells is to transport water and soluble nutrients, minerals and inorganic ions upwardly from the roots of the plants and its parts.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 16. Type of Plant cells that the function is to transport food from the plant leaves to other parts of the plant.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 17. Type of Plant cells that have a self-renewal ability and high metabolisms to control the cell.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 18. These are the external cells of the plants offering protection from water loss, pathogenic invaders such as fungi. NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 19. - 21. Three types of Plant Tissue.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 22. Animal cells tissue that are layers of contiguous cells that line the surfaces of organs and tissues.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 23. Animal cells tissue that are made up of loose connective tissue that is found in the skin and fibrous connective tissue that is made up of collagenous fibers found in tendons and ligaments.  NO. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 1 24. - 25. Two types of Connective Tissue Proper NO. 2 General Biology Q1.1.1-1 NO. 2 General Biology