Character Formation: Nationalism and Patriotism PDF

CHARACTER FORMATION NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM Character Formation. These were the adopted pattern of values and attitudes; consequent behavior also developed in pre-cognitive life-times: the standard and usual patterns of learning tailored for...

CHARACTER FORMATION NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM Character Formation. These were the adopted pattern of values and attitudes; consequent behavior also developed in pre-cognitive life-times: the standard and usual patterns of learning tailored for young children (Rogers, 1991). Character. It is a psychological notion that refers to all the habitual ways of feeling and reacting that distinguish one individual from another (Encyclopedia.com, 2020). NATIONALISM loyalty and devotion to a nation. a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations or supranational groups. a nationalist movement or government. In most contexts today, nationalism is “the policy or doctrine of asserting the interests of one’s own nation viewed as separate from the interests of other nations or the common interests of all nations.” In short, nationalism is a kind of excessive, aggressive patriotism. Modern nationalism is rooted, in part, in French and American revolutions that fought for the sovereignty of their people over monarchies. This historic nationalism is generally viewed favorably, a cornerstone of Western liberalism and democracy. Elements of Nationalism 1. Cultural Nationalism Refers to ideas and practices that relate to the intended revival of a purported national community’s culture. If political nationalism is focused on the achievement of political autonomy, cultural nationalism is focused on the cultivation of a nation. Here the vision of the nation is not a political organization, but a moral community. 2. Religious Nationalism Is the relationship of nationalism to a particular religious belief, dogma, or affiliation. This relationship can be broken down into two aspects: the politicization of religion and the influence of religion on politics. 3. Territorial nationalism Describes a form of nationalism based on the belief that all inhabitants of a particular territory should share a common national identity, regardless of their ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural and other differences. Depending on the political or administrative status of a particular territory, territorial nationalism can be manifested on two basic levels, as territorial nationalism of distinctive sovereign states, or territorial nationalism of distinctive sub-sovereign regions (regional nationalism). 4. Ethnic nationalism Also known as ethnonationalism, is a form of nationalism wherein the nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity, with emphasis on an ethnocentric (and in some cases an ethnocratic) approach to various political issues related to national affirmation of a particular ethnic group. Types of Nationalism 1. Civic Nationalism Civic nationalism is a relatively liberal form of nationalism in which the nation is defined by its shared values and commitment to civic democracy rather than its bloodlines or ethnicity. This type of nationalism arose in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries as a response to the rise of ethnic nationalism, which argued that nations should be defined by their racial or ethnic identity. Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida Today, civic nationalism is prominent in the United States, where there is a belief that the USA is objectively the ‘best nation’ not because of its culture or ethnicities but because of its founding myth and constitution. 2. Cultural Nationalism Cultural nationalism is a form of nationalism in which the nation is defined by a shared culture rather than by ethnic heritage. Typically, cultural nationalists seek to promote and preserve the culture of their nation, often through the promotion of traditional values and the arts. In some cases, cultural nationalists also seek to promote a sense of national identity by fostering pride in the nation’s history and achievements. 3. Economic Nationalism Economic nationalism is a school of thought that favors the protection of a nation’s economy over globalization. Proponents of economic nationalism believe that a country should focus on producing the goods and services that it needs domestically, rather than importing them from other countries. This can help the country to be more self-sufficient during wartimes or other times of disruption. It is a defensive form of nationalism designed to protect the nation-state rather than a belief in your own country’s superiority per se. Economic nationalism is evident in both left-wing and right-wing populist movements. This approach often includes policies such as tariffs and quotas, which can make foreign goods more expensive and difficult to obtain. Economic nationalists also tend to support government intervention in the economy, including subsidies and industry regulations. While economic nationalism can help to protect domestic industries, it can also lead to trade wars and higher prices for consumers. 4. Ethnic Nationalism Ethnic nationalism is the most overtly racist of all forms of nationalism. It is the belief that a nation should be ethnically homologous. The underlying belief in ethnic nationalism is that a single ethnicity is superior to other ethnicities, that ethnic groups cannot live together peacefully, and that a nation will be at its greatest when it is composed of just one ethnic group. 5. Expansionist Nationalism Expansionist nationalism holds that a nation should expand its territory by force. It advocates for annexing neighboring countries and settling its people on that land through the process of colonization. In the 20th century, expansionist nationalism led to World War I, as Austria-Hungary and Russia competed for control of the Balkans. After the war, it was a key component of Japanese militarism, which led to the country’s invasion of China in 1937. In the 21st century, expansionist nationalist sentiment has been growing in several countries, including China and Russia. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine was a quintessential example of expansionist nationalism due to Putin’s belief that Ukraine ‘belongs’ to Russia. 6. Linguistic Nationalism Linguistic nationalism is the idea that a nation should be defined by a common language. This is in contrast to other forms of nationalism, which may place more emphasis on a shared culture or ethnicity. Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida Language nationalists often argue that a shared language is necessary for social cohesion and communication and that it is an important part of a nation’s identity. 7. Left-Wing Nationalism Left-wing nationalism tends to hold that left-wing and socialist ideals are necessary in order to preserve a nation’s unique identity from the imperialist and capitalist ambitions of other nations. Left-wing nationalists also typically argue that the working class must lead the way in this struggle. In many cases, left-wing nationalists have been allied with Marxist parties and movements. 8. Liberal Nationalism Liberal nationalism holds that a nation-state should preserve Western values including liberalism and democracy within its borders, often by enacting illiberal policies to achieve this goal. Liberal nationalists in the francophone world, for example, have enacted laws that restrict people’s rights to wear religious outfits in public spaces. The principle here is that religions are illiberal and, therefore, should not be tolerated in a liberal society. This is a form of liberalism that is so aggressive that it has contorted itself and become illiberal. Liberal nationalists also tend to support a limited role for government in the economy, believing that the free market is the best way to promote economic growth and development. 9. Liberation Nationalism Liberation nationalism is a political ideology that emerged in the mid-20th century in response to the decolonization process. Liberation nationalists argue that each nation has the right to self- determination and should be free from the control of foreign powers. The goal of liberation nationalists is to achieve independence for their country and to create a sovereign state. In many cases, liberation nationalists have also sought to promote independent economic and social development within their countries. It is similar to left-wing nationalism in its anti-imperialist ambitions. However, it does not embrace Marxism or communism to achieve these goals. In recent years, liberation nationalist movements have been very active in Africa and Latin America. 10. National Conservatism National conservatism believes in preserving traditional values and institutions such as the family, religion, and the nation-state. They also tend to support a strong military and an aggressive foreign policy. This type of nationalism is highly skeptical of change and wants to preserve the traditional culture of a society. 11. National Socialism National socialism, often shortened to Nazism, is a political ideology that rose to prominence in Germany during the early twentieth century. At its core, national socialism is an extreme form of nationalism that holds the belief that the Aryan race is superior to all other races and that the Aryan people are destined to rule the world. National socialists also have a strong commitment to racial purity and, in Germany, sought to create a purely Aryan society through policies such as eugenics and anti-Semitism. While it has the term ‘socialism’ in its name, national socialism tends not to embrace socialist policies. It is anti-trade unionism and pro-corporatism. However, it does tend to embrace the nationalization of key industries so that they may support the nation’s military efforts. Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida  Today, there are small pockets of national socialist groups in many Western nations, but they usually only number in the low thousands. 12. Pan-Nationalism Pan-nationalism is a type of nationalism that transcends national boundaries to envision nations based on ethnic background. It aims to undermine and re-draw the boundaries of nations. This type of nationalism is particularly popular in colonized nations where superimposed boundaries were drawn against the will of local ethnic groups. For example, pan-Arabism envisions an Arab state that spans northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. It has also been envisioned in Bolivarian areas of South America (e.g. Venezuela and Colombia) and across the continent of Africa (pan-Africanism). Pan-nationalism tends to manifest itself as a form of left-wing socialism due to its opposition to colonialism and imperialism. It attempts to destabilize the hegemony of Western capitalism and envision a new decolonized world. 13. Religious Nationalism Religious nationalism is the idea that a nation should be defined and unified by a shared religion. For example, you may hear people arguing that the United States should exclusively endorse Christian values and marginalize all other value sets. Religious nationalists may promote government policies that actively support the dominant religion and promote the conversion of members of other religions (or ask them to leave the country). 14. Romantic Nationalism Romantic nationalism advocated the return of a nation to an imagined past when the nation was supposedly more idealistic than it is today. It also often takes the form of an emotional attachment to iconic symbols, such as historic buildings or traditional dress. Romantic nationalists often seek to promote their own culture, language, and values, while downplaying the importance of other cultures. In some cases, this can lead to xenophobic or racist attitudes towards members of other groups. Characteristics of Nationalism The Royal institute of International Relations pointed out the following characteristics of nationalism in its report published in 1930. 1. One Nation ▪ An idea of a common government always implies in a nation. It may be the reality of past or present or just an ambition of the future. 2. Group Feelings ▪ There is sense of belonging together among the people of a nation. 3. Distinction ▪ There is distinctiveness in a nation that separates it from other nation as language, religion, race and national character. 4. Defined Territory ▪ There is defined territory large or small. 5. Common Interest ▪ Existence of same common interest shared by all is also one of the most important features of nationalism. 6. General Picture of State ▪ A general picture of state in the mind of every individual. Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida  PATRIOTISM is a noun that means “devoted love, support, and defense of one’s country; national loyalty.” The term often brings to mind people directly involved with the defense of a nation, namely military service members as well as state and local government representatives. For example: The soldiers showed exemplary patriotism defending their country from attack. Patriotism, however, can take many other forms outside serving in the military and public office. Diplomats, teachers, first responders, and so many more all exemplify patriotism in the many forms of good they do in service of their communities. The word patriotism is first recorded in the early 1700s. Interestingly, by the 1770s, the word patriot could refer to “a member of a resistance movement, a freedom fighter,” specifically those who fought against the British in the war for independence—associations that persist today. Patriotism is based on patriot, which is recorded in the 1500s. This word ultimately derives from Greek patriṓtēs, “fellow-countryman or lineage member.” The root of this word, in turn, means “fatherland.” Paternal, patriarchy, and even English’s own father are related. How to be Patriotic 1. Stay informed. Learning the history of your country is helpful, but it's also important to stay up to date on what your country is doing in the here and now. Your nation may be quite old, with a rich history, as in the case of Japan or France, or relatively new, with a fresh sense of self, as in the case of the United States. Find causes you believe in. What issues affect your country today? What are the most important problems facing your nation? Learn about your country's foreign policy. How does your country relate to the world? What role does your country play in its region? 2. Keep your government honest as far as is possible. Who is making the decisions in your country? Do you agree or disagree with the direction in which your country is headed? If you feel patriotic about your country, make it your goal to get involved and understand what's going on. No nation is free of faults. The United States, for examples, has a history of prejudice and racism, which still influences its culture today. Knowing this, researching this, and understanding this doesn't make you less patriotic. Know your country's past and be watchful of your government today to prevent future atrocities and abuses of power. 3. Participate in local government. If you care about the place you live, get involved on the local level. Vote locally if you participate in a direct or representative democracy system, or otherwise find a way to let your voice be heard. Talk to your town leaders or elders, and find out who makes the decisions around you. This doesn't have to be a big deal. If you feel patriotic, just talking to your neighbors and looking out for people can be a sign of this. Influence the way things go down in your neighborhood. Make it a safe place you're proud to call home. That's patriotism. 4. Look at issues from both sides. Increasingly, it can be difficult to find "objective" information. Everything seems to have a bias to it, and it can be hard to know what perspective you're actually reading. Do your best to examine issues from multiple angles, taking into consideration the people doing the reporting. Who stands to gain from a particular perspective? Who stands to lose? 5. Display your pride, if you want to. Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida  If you feel like showing your patriotism with dress, bumper stickers, flags, and other displays, then go for it. National holidays and other important dates in your nation's history are great times to let everyone know where you come from and how proud you are of it. In some countries, flags are commonly flown outside of homes in support of the nation. In others, this would be a strange sight. It doesn't make the residents of the latter home any less patriotic. Displays are the cheapest form of patriotism. It takes more than a symbol to be really patriotic. It's fine to show it, but never question anyone else's patriotism for not showing it. 6. Love your country with open eyes. Every country has positive qualities and negative qualities, and no one national identity is superior to another. Loving a nation doesn't mean you should ignore or stay silent about its failures. It is important to be informed. It's also perfectly acceptable to love your country for its cultural heritage, its successes, and its unique character, in spite of its shortcomings by emphasizing the positive and working towards a better future for all who call your nation home. Filipino Characteristics In spite of their differences the Filipinos recognize that they have a number of features in common – generosity, an overwhelming hospitality, a highly developed feeling for the family, a profound respect for older people, a fatalism which finds expression in the Tagalog “bahala na” (it’s all right), an admirable loyalty to their friends, an extreme sensibility and an ever-present sentimentality, as well as the lack of initiative, an acute sense of curiosity and a self-centered individualism. A visitor will be struck at once by their liveliness and gaiety in sharp contrast with the inscrutable affability of Asiatic; and their friendliness and simplicity have a beguiling charisma. It should be emphasized that the family is the primary social welfare system of the Filipinos and so family feeling is so strong, almost clannish. Usually, the whole family live together. A newly married couple will set up their own house, though not uncommonly a brother or sister will go with them to reduce the burden on the parents or provide domestic help. Any activity when someone goes away or is admitted to hospital involves several members of the family. Family life also implies respect for the older members of the family: mano is a gesture of respect by placing the back of elder’s hand (at the fingers) against one’s forehead; younger siblings are expected to respect their elders by addressing them with proper honorifics. In these large families there is always room for one more person and hospitality to strangers and other members of the family is an obligation in which all share. The guest must be fed abundantly, or indeed super-abundantly, and each member of the family must help to entertain him. The family enlarged by the addition of friends. The bayanihan is a source of strength which finds an application on appropriate occasions. Its help is enlisted, for example, for the planting out of the rice shoots, for the harvest and, more rarely, for moving house. In this last case additional help may be required not only for transporting furniture and household goods but sometimes also for moving the house itself. Although girls must obtain their father’s permission to go out with a young man, they may sometimes be greeted by a serenade. A young man brings a group of friends, and one of them plays a guitar while the rest sing under the fair one’s window in the hope of being admitted into the house. The young man may also spend a month or more working in his fiancee’s house, though he is not permitted to speak to her during this period (the panilbihan). Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida The Filipinos are divided geographically and culturally into regions, and each regional group is recognizable by distinct traits: The Ilocanos who must struggle to make the arid lands of the north produce crops tend to be austere, patient and enterprising; the Tagalogs are gay and pleasure-loving; the Visayans are fond of music and easily contented; while the Bicolanos are noted for their strong religious feeling and their equable temperament. Positive Filipino Traits Below are some of the common positive traits to be found in Filipino culture! 1. Hospitable This is one of the most popular qualities of Filipinos. Foreigners who have gone to the Philippines find themselves falling in love with the warm hospitality they are shown. It's a different kind of value system, which has existed for thousands of years. Here are some examples of the hospitality that Filipinos show, not only to foreigners, but also to their fellow citizens: When a person visits a friend's house, the host greets him or her with a very warm welcome. The host will immediately let their visitor sit down and will prepare a meal or a snack plus drinks for the visitor. The host will insist that the friend not leave the house with an empty stomach. A host will always make sure you had a great time visiting them. People offer their guest room to visitors if they're going to spend the night. Meals offered to guests are very special. A host always finds a way to prepare great tasting food that her visitor wants to eat. 2. Respectful and Courteous This is often observed—not just by younger people—but also by people of all ages. Children respect elders by saying "po" and "opo," which mean "yes," when answering their elders. Children or young adults also show respect by putting their elders' hands on their foreheads. Filipinos also show respect at work by making a bow to their employers. 3. Strong Family Ties and Religions Yes. Filipinos value their families so much that they tend to keep families intact through the generations. Families go to church and pray together because their religion is important and creates a strong bond, marking God as the center of their lives. Families make sure to have quality time together especially after a day's work. Just watching television or eating a family meal will be valued and prioritized in everybody's schedules. 4. Generous and Helpful Filipinos are generous people. Even when we have very little, we always share with those around us. During special occasions such as birthdays or "fiestas" —parties when people from other places visit your home to celebrate with you—there are lots of foods specially prepared for everyone! Friends, family, friends of friends, and even strangers can gather and they are always willing to share food and help out. When a neighbor is in trouble, Filipinos are always ready to help them. 5. Strong Work Ethic Yes, we are hardworking people to the point that we are willing to work almost the whole day just to feed our families. That's how Filipinos are. One example of a hardworking person is a farmer. They earn so little but they still work very hard for not much compensation. Filipinos always find creative ways to earn a living, like creating a small business from their home where they sell foods or other items for the convenience of their neighbors. 6. Loving and Caring Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida This is so true! Filipinos are the sweetest and most loving people in the world. I'm not just saying this because I'm a Filipino; if you know us well, you will soon figure this out. Men are so sweet and romantic when it comes to love. They will send their beloved flowers, bring her to a very romantic place, text her sweet quotes, and tell often how special she is to them. Filipino women are also romantic and very caring, which often makes foreigners want to marry them. Women tend to prepare dinner before their husband comes home. They are loving, and value the relationship, always staying faithful to their husbands. They love deeply and sincerely. Negative Filipino Traits Fatalism: An attitude of "what goes around, comes around" or "come what may." We have a tendency to surrender our future to fate. We often accept bad news or circumstances without trying to stop or change them. This can sometimes be helpful in adversity, but it can also keep us from finding ways out of situations. Also, constantly expecting the worst can get pretty depressing. Crab mentality: This is prevalent in politics where people tend to push each other down to clear the way for their own gain. Politicians, especially, try their best to ruin each other, but this can also happen among regular people. I think it goes to the point of selfishness. Mañana Habit: True blooded Filipino have the attitude of causing delays in accomplishing thing or making transactions. When not interested or not in the mood, they wait or reserve until tomorrow or the next day to finish what they are doing. Mañana is the Spanish word for “tomorrow” Ningas Cogon: Most of the Filipino are very good at the start when doing something, after few hours or days, that excitement to do or accomplish something is lost they become too lazy to finish what they’ve have started. PHILIPPINE HERITAGE 1. Santa Maria Church (Ilocos Sur) Situated in the coastal province of Ilocos Sur, the Santa Maria Church has gained recognition thanks to its impressive architecture. Ilocos Sur is situated in the northwestern region of Luzon Island and is bordered by Ilocos Norte to the north. Among its most noteworthy attractions included in an Ilocos itinerary are Calle Crisologo in Vigan City and the Bantay Church Bell Tower. The Santa Maria Church was initially constructed as a more accessible chapel for its neighboring town to the north, Narvacan, in 1567. According to the local legends, the town's statue of the Virgin Mary kept disappearing from the first chapel and was seen on a guava tree atop a hill. Due to this, the locals decided to build another structure in 1765, which they later officially recognized as the Santa Maria Church. 2. Miagao Church (Iloilo) Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida Standing majestically in the Miagao municipality of Iloilo in the Visayas region is another structure included in the Baroque Churches of the Philippines, the Miagao Church. Iloilo is a coastal province that boasts islands with powdery white sand, a picturesque countryside dotted with cultural attractions, and heritage towns that honor the province's traditions. The current structure of Miagao Church stands at the highest point of the town. It was finished in 1797 after ten years of forced labor under Spanish colonizers and was initially used as a fortress against potential invaders. Like the Santa Maria Church, it was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993 for its Baroque design mixed with notes of our local heritage. Its most noteworthy aspect is a relief sculpture of St. Christopher on the facade. In the stonework, the saint carries Jesus Christ on his back while holding onto a palm tree. 3. Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary (Davao Oriental) The Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary is a lush mountain ridge that sits in the province of Davao Oriental. Located along the southeastern portion of Mindanao Island, this province has an abundance of coconut trees and is the country's top producer of coconuts and dried coconut meat. Aside from its rich forests, it is also well known for the Aliwagwag Falls, one of the most scenic waterfalls in the Philippines and features over 130 cascades and multiple rock pools filled with turquoise waters. With an elevation range of 75 to 1,637 meters above sea level, the Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary has become a safe haven for various animals and plants. Among the wildlife that finds solace in the mountain range are eight species that are endemic to the area, such as the Philippine eagle and the Philippine cockatoo. 4. Paoay Church (Ilocos Norte) In the province of Ilocos Norte, you can find another of the four Baroque Churches of the Philippines called the Paoay Church. Also known as the San Agustin Church, it is situated about 19 kilometers from Laoag City, the province's capital. Along with the church, Ilocos Norte's fascinating rock formations and majestic sand dunes along its stunning coastline have drawn many tourists as well. Locals began building the Paoay Church in 1694 and finally completed construction in 1710. Its exterior walls were made from bricks and large coral stones. As with its fellow Baroque churches, the Paoay Church is characterized by the flying buttresses flank its sides and its wide base. Next to the church, a detached three-story bell tower was erected. Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida Throughout Philippine history, it had also served as a watch post from where local forces could keep an eye on invading forces such as the Spaniards in the 1800s and the Japanese armies during World War II. Due to its cultural significance, it was officially inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993. 5. San Agustin Church (Intramuros, Manila) In the heart of Manila City, you can find the classic San Agustin Church towering in front of an open plaza in the walled district of Intramuros. This historical area was a political and military base for Spaniards when they colonized the country in the 1500s. Here, several cultural landmarks are maintained and offer physical spaces where visitors can immerse in the rich past of the Philippines. The San Agustin Church remains one of the best testaments of Intramuros' heritage as it is considered the oldest stone church in the country. After its completion in 1607, parts of this Baroque structure were damaged by earthquakes and fights during World War II. The church's architecture is characterized mainly by its beautiful tromp l'oeil style ceiling and intricate altars. After the death of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish Governor-General that ruled the Philippines, he was buried close to the church's high altar. UNESCO named it a World Heritage Site in 1993. 6. Historic City of Vigan (Ilocos Sur) Photo by Department of Tourism Known as the province's capital, this district now houses an array of attractions that honor both its past and present. In particular, the cobblestone street called Calle Crisologo is considered among the best tourist spots in Vigan City as it is lined with ancestral houses that date back to the Spanish era. During the day, it is a bustling hub filled with stores selling native crafts. When the sun sets, it transforms into a stunning dining strip warmly lit by the street posts. Most restaurants feature alfresco dining areas where you can enjoy a nightcap while admiring the scene. Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida Despite the heavy Spanish influence in the city, Vigan also fuses certain practices gained from Chinese traders who eventually settled there. This is best seen in the crafting of clay jars, a practice that locals learned from Chinese migrants. A number of jar factories still operate in the city and follow the traditional method of molding them by hand. UNESCO later recognized Vigan as the best-preserved example of Spanish colonial towns in Asia and named it a World Heritage Site in 1999. In 2015, Vigan City was also recognized as one of the New7Wonders Cities. 7. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (Sulu Sea) Off the stunning shores of Palawan Island, you can find the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, a protected area in the middle of the Sulu Sea. Palawan and its surrounding waters have become a favored destination when diving in the Philippines due to the various aquatic ecosystems that thrive there. The whole island is home to lagoons and Palawan beaches containing thriving marine life just under the surface, such as sea turtles and schools of colorful fish. The Tubbataha Reef sets itself apart, however, because it is a great example of an atoll or ring-shaped reef. The whole protected area comprises a 100-meter perpendicular wall, lagoons, and two coral islands. In addition, this natural sanctuary houses large numbers of sea animals. Its North Islet, in particular, has become nesting grounds for marine turtles and sea birds. Scientists have found around 600 fish species, 360 coral species, 11 shark species, 13 dolphin and whale species, and 100 bird species in the area since they began visiting the reef in the 1980s. Aside from being designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1999, the reef was also nominated as part of the New 7 Wonders of Nature in 2008. 8. Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (Ifugao) Nestled in the highlands of the Ifugao province in North Luzon are five rice terraces that not only serve as sources of food but as popular tourist attractions. These landscapes are located in the municipalities Banaue, Mayoyao, Hungudan, and Kiangan, with the Banaue Rice Terraces being the most popular one. As a landlocked province, Ifugao is characterized by its lush mountain ranges containing river valleys and vibrant forests. Thanks to its location and high altitude, the locals here enjoy a generally cooler atmosphere than the rest of the country, making it a more optimal place to grow crops. Recognizing this, Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida the tribe members eventually created intricate agricultural systems, which are now known as rice terraces in the Philippines. These landscapes are estimated to have been around for 2,000 years and have often been revered as testaments to humankind's ability to adapt to the environment around them. The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras were named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 in honor of the natives' beautiful work and their efforts to maintain and cultivate sacred traditions to this day. 9. Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park (Palawan) Puerto Princesa Underground River or Subterranean River National Park. This karst landscape that features an underground river measures over 8.2 kilometers and goes through a limestone cave with beautiful stalactite and stalagmite formations that resemble popular statues around the globe. The cave's ceiling is also home to populations of fruit bats. While the cruise through the river already shows the beauty of the area, one of the river's most notable features is that it opens up directly into the sea. It is also one of the most beautiful caves in the Philippines. Aside from Puerto Princesa Underground River tours, travelers will also enjoy exploring the surrounding forests that are home to an array of animals and fauna. Among them are 15 endemic bird species such as the Palawan hornbill, the hill myna, and the white-breasted sea eagle. Meanwhile, the nearby coastal waters have become habitats for sea cows and hawksbill sea turtles. UNESCO designated the Puerto Princesa Underground River a World Heritage Site in 1999, noting that the site contains a full "mountain-to-sea" ecosystem. Since then, the whole park has become the top Puerto Princesa tourist spot and has drawn many visitors to the island. Palawan is also home to other world-renowned beach and island destinations like El Nido, Coron, San Vicente, and Port Barton. The pre-colonial Philippines Beginnings of the Archipelago The archipelago was formed by a volcanic eruption about 50 million years ago. The first inhabitants came from mainland Asia about 30,000 years ago, perhaps over an overpass built during the Ice Age. In the 10th century A.D., coastal villagers welcomed Chinese trade and settlers, followed by Islamic traders from Borneo. The early inhabitants of the country were the ancestors of the Mongoloids that are prevalent today. However, the progressive spread of Islam from Borneo to the central and northern islands was disrupted by the arrival of Spanish Christians. People of The Pre-Colonial Philippines Negritos were the early settlers, but their history of appearance in the country has not been certainly dated. They were actually followed by speakers of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, a branch of the Austronesian languages, who arrived in successive waves beginning around 4000 BCE, displacing the earlier arrivals. Philippine Culture – Pre-colonial Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida Filipino culture is a melting pot of all its colonial rulers, and its foundation consists of a long indigenous history. It’s a culture that is difficult to identify because it is so diverse. Western influences may seem dominant, but it’s just the skin of a vibrant archipelago culture if you look closely. Many languages in the country emphasize many stories in the Philippines, and each language indicates a place. Even among the locals, English is also the currency in the country. The inherited language of the colonial ruler allows someone from one end of the country to speak to someone from the other end. As a result, Filipinos are nomads in their own country. This may also explain why hospitality is a well-known trait. Whether Catholic or Islam or any other religion that exists, religion is a powerful force in the country. Places of worship are always in the center of the city and in towns. There are always multiple places to visit if the spiritual sanctuary is sought. The spectacle of these religions comes to life in the provincial fiestas. These celebrations combine colorful wonder and the enthusiasm of faith since Filipino people have a strong faith. Art is a thriving industry in the Philippines. Entertainment is a big part of the lives of local Filipinos, and artistic works are exported in large quantities, especially in the performing arts. There are many things to discover in the Philippines. Its magnificent scenery attracts people here as tourists. But the complexity of that culture keeps people interested. The Iconic Rice Has Always Been the Center of Every Meal Another essay was written by Fernandez, The Staff of Life emphasizes rice’s importance to pre-colonial Filipino people. If people ate without it, it was considered a snack but not a meal. In addition, this food staple was used to show grief as no clean rice would be eaten for the whole year as a sign of mourning. Filipino people used several words for rice — palay is unhusked, bigas are husked, Kanin is cooked — also mirrored its significance in their way of life. Kinilaw Is At least 100 Years Old Kinilaw is one of the earliest food discoveries in the Philippines. In an essay, “Food At the Very Beginning,” cultural historian Doreen Fernandez states that kinilaw, a seafood dish similar to a ceviche dish, has been in the Philippines between the 10th and 13th centuries A.D. During a Balangay excavation in Agusan Del Norte in 1987, researchers also discovered the tabon- tabon, it is a green fruit and some bones of yellowfin tuna. She also says that both were cut in the same way as to how the kinilaw is served today. Since kinilaw was prepared through souring and not by heat, they likely consumed it as it was simple to make. Writing Systems – Pre-Colonial During the early years, almost everybody in the society, male or female, knows how to read and write. However, they have their own writing method, which uses sharp-pointed tools, trunk skin, bamboo, and leaves. They actually write from top to bottom and read from left to right. Therefore, they have their Alibata, and their script is different from India, Japan, and China. This report was told by Father Pedro Chirino, one of the first Spanish missionaries to come to the Philippines. Pre-Colonial Form of Government Before the Spaniards came into the Philippines, there were Filipino cultures that were not identified by most Filipinos, especially for newborn citizens. The Filipino people lived in villages called barangays before the colonization of the Spaniards. As the form of government, a barangay consisted of from 30 to 100 families. It was supervised by a Datu and was autonomous of the other group. Pre-Colonial Clothing During this era, historians found that the “Barong Tagalog” (Philippine national dress) already existed. The earliest Baro or Barong Tagalog was worn by the natives of Ma-I (The Philippine name before) just before being colonized by the Spanish people. The men wore a sleeve-doublet made of rough cotton called Canga, which reached slightly below the waist. It has no collar with a front opening. Their loins were also covered with a pane that hung between their legs. The women as well wore a sleeve dress but shorter than the men. They additionally wear a pane attached to the waist and reach the feet accentuated by a colorful belt. The materials used for their dress are of fine line or Indian Muslim. Languages of the Philippines Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida  There are around 181 languages used in the Philippines. 131 of them are considered official languages, including Filipino and English. It’s typical for Filipinos to grow up bilingual, and many even speak three languages — English and Tagalog plus the indigenous language in their region. Philippine languages have been influenced by many other languages, including each other. In 1937, Filipino was named the National Language of the Philippines. Spanish influence on the Filipino language It is believed that a third of Filipino words are derived from Spanish. During the Spanish occupation, friars and priests, with great reluctance and much delay, conducted religious instruction and almost all forms of formal education using Spanish under the orders of the Spanish government. It was at this time that many Spanish words were borrowed into Tagalog. American occupation and the English language The American occupation saw the wide adoption of English as the language of instruction in schools throughout the country. Before and after World War II, the Philippine government actively took solid steps toward establishing a national language based on Tagalog, which was used as a second language by almost half of the country’s population at the time. In the present day, both Filipino and English are taught as academic subjects and used as languages of instruction in primary and secondary schools and universities throughout the country. There are four indigenous languages with more than five million native speakers: Tagalog Cebuano Ilocano Hiligaynon In addition, there are seven with between one and five million native speakers: Bikol Waray Kapampangan Pangasinan Maguindanao Maranao Tausug Filipino cuisine Filipinos prepare great-tasting food, especially on special occasions with visitors around. Filipino cuisine is a mesh between Chinese, Mexican, Malay, Spanish, Indian, and American cooking. It usually consists of six meals per day, including breakfast, snacks, lunch, brunch, dinner, and a final reach toward snacks to end the day on a full stomach. Most Filipino dishes involve rice, which is served alongside other edibles. Most Filipinos regularly use spoons, forks, and knives to eat their food. But sometimes hands come into play when seafood is involved. Filipino traditional dishes: Luzon Food Luzon dishes vary based on the regions but they all are easily identified by the ingredients that are local to each destination. One of the most popular culinary tourist destinations in Luzon is Pampanga or the Culinary Capital of the Philippines that serves a mix of savory dishes. Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida Another notable region for Luzon cuisine and delicacies is the Bicol region, known for spicy foods that infuse coconut milk aside from ATV in Albay with a view of Mayon Volcano. Here are some of the most famous food in Luzon that you can try in this part of the country. Adobo Usually, among the first to be mentioned when talking about Filipino food and famous Filipino viands, adobo refers to the cooking method of stewing in vinegar, peppercorns and bay leaf. Most of the modern versions add soy sauce but there are plenty of regions in Luzon alone that don’t add soy sauce. Sinigang Sinigang, another traditional Filipino food and one of the most famous food in the Philippines, refers to a soup soured by a sour fruit or leaf. Usually, sinigang can be pork, beef, salmon or shrimp cooked in a broth with vegetables like kang kong (swamp cabbage), radish, Chinese long beans, tomatoes, and onions. Sisig Sisig has become one of the most popular food in Filipino cuisine, with versions of it being served internationally to rave reviews. Sisig, which originated in Pampanga, has undergone quite an evolution through the years and that has left it as one of the most misunderstood dishes. The word “sisig” comes from an old Filipino word “sisigan,” which translates as to “munch on something sour”. Early indications are that the first version of sisig could be a sour salad of chopped vegetables, onions and chili. Sisig “Matua” (meaning “old” in Pampanga) is a dish of pig’s ears and face (maskara) with liver, onions, chilis all marinated in vinegar. Pinakbet/Pakbet One of the more humble Filipino dishes, pakbet, is a vegetable stew that usually consists of eggplant, string beans, okra, bitter melon and squash and it is usually flavored with bagoong (strong shrimp paste or fish sauce). As with all Filipino dishes, other vegetables may be substituted and depending on the region. Pinakbet can be a stew which you can easily find in almost every province or it can have a more soupy quality like the ones from Northern regions like Ilocos and Pangasinan. Pancit Pancit refers to noodles and it is one of the many dishes influenced by the trades with the Chinese early in Philippine history. Like the adobo, there are hundreds, if not thousands, of pancit varieties in the Philippines, depending on the region. Laing One of the more iconic dishes in the Southern Luzon region of Bicol, Laing is stewed taro leaves cooked with pork, shrimp, chilies and coconut milk. The intense heat of the labuyo chilies is mellowed by the coconut milk and the taro leaves that are dried first before being stewed is made even richer with the addition of the pork. Pieces of cooked taro root may also be added to make the dish more substantial. Halo-halo “Halo” is the Filipino word for mix and as the name suggests, halo-halo is a Filipino dessert and native Filipino merienda (snack) that is a mix of preserved and sweetened fruits, legumes and gels served with crushed ice and usually, evaporated milk. Halo-halo could also refer to how to best eat this dish as you are expected to mix all the ingredients up as you enjoy them. Visayas Food Some of the tastiest and most iconic Filipino dishes are Visayas dishes. Visayas is known for being home to top tourist destinations in the Philippines like Boracay, Cebu and Bohol and are also where you can find some of the best beaches in the Philippines and most beautiful islands in the Philippines. When you think of lechon or roasted whole pig, Cebu's lechon comes to mind as the best in the country. Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida Lechon A celebration dish and filipino fiesta food, lechon is found on almost every feast and party in the Philippines. The ultimate Filipino gathering food, lechon refers to the method of cooking meat on a spit over an open flame, so it can refer to a whole pig or just the belly, calf, goat or even chicken. Batchoy Batchoy is one of the most popular Philippine noodle soup dishes that features egg noodles, beef and pork meat, liver, marrow and intestines, in a pork and beef broth with a hint of guinamos (shrimp paste). As if that’s not rich enough, fried garlic and chicharon (fried pork rinds) are added. Inasal The most popular version of Inasal is chicken marinated in ginger, vinegar and lemongrass, skewered and then grilled over open flame. As they are grilled, they are brushed with oil flavored with garlic and annatto seed. With inasal places, you can enjoy not only the traditional meat of paa (thigh and leg) or petso (breast and wing), but also the other parts including the baticolon (gizzard), corazon (heart), atay (liver) and isol (butt). SuToKil SuToKil is actually not just one dish but three dishes that are usually enjoyed together. “Su” or “Sugba” refers to grilled and it’s usually a grilled whole fish or other seafood like scallops or shrimps. “To” or “Tola/Tinola” refers to a ginger soup, in this case a ginger and fish soup, and “Kil” or “Kilawin/Kinilaw” refers to raw seafood marinated in vinegar and citrus. Mindanao Food Another island region in the Philippines blessed with access to the freshest seafood is Mindanao. Top tourist spots in Mindanao like Siargao, Camiguin, and Zamboanga are known for their beautiful beaches and fresh seafood dishes. Inihaw na Panga Inihaw na panga refers to grilled tuna collars and it has become a staple in Mindanao, particularly in Davao, where most Filipino grill restaurants that you can include in your Davao itinerary have it on the menu. While a lot of the Philippine tuna meat is sold internationally, a lot of the collars remain in the country and locals have taken quite a liking to them. Piyanggang Manok Although a little harder to find, chicken stewed with blackened coconut meat and a condiment called palapa (ginger, chilies and sakurab) until tender and then grilled, is worth the adventure. Sinuglaw One of the most curious pairings in Filipino cuisine, Sinuglaw is a combination of grilled pork (sinugba) and raw marinated fish (Kinilaw). The smokiness of the grilled pork belly combines well with the sour vinegar marinade of the fish, cutting into the pork’s richness. Barbecue Unlike its American counterpart, barbecue in the Philippines is meat, usually marinated pork or chicken, skewered on sticks and grilled over charcoal. Traditional or Regional Sports Arnis (martial art) - a Filipino martial art which emphasizes weapon-based fighting. Dumog - a Filipino style of wrestling while standing upright. Sikaran - a form of kickboxing, which utilizes only the feet. The hands are only used for blocking. Sipa - a sport aims to kick the ball to the other side of the net on to the opponent’s side without it touching the ground. Indigenous music Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida Notable folk song composers include the National Artist for Music Lucio San Pedro, who composed the famous "Sa Ugoy ng Duyan" that recalls the loving touch of a mother to her child. Another composer, the National Artist for Music Antonino Buenaventura, is notable for notating folk songs and dances. Buenaventura composed the music for "Pandanggo sa Ilaw". Gong music Philippine gong music today can be geographically divided into two types: the flat gongs commonly known as gangsà unique to the groups in the Cordillera mountains and the bossed gongs of Muslim and animist groups spanning the Sulu archipelago, much of Mindanao, Palawan, and the inlands of Panay and Mindoro. The latter were once ubiquitous throughout coastal, lowland Philippine societies before widespread Christianization, and less frequently imports of flat chau gongs from China. Kulintang refers to a racked gong chime instrument played in the southern islands of the Philippines, along with its varied accompanying ensembles. Different groups have different ways of playing the kulintang. Two major groups seem to stand out in kulintang music. These are the Maguindanaon and the Maranao. The kulintang instrument itself could be traced to either the introduction of gongs to Southeast Asia from China before the 9th century CE or more likely, to the introduction of bossed gong chimes from Java in the 16th century. Nevertheless, the kulintang ensemble is the most advanced form of ensemble music with origins in the pre-colonial epoch of Philippine history and is a living tradition in southern parts of the country. The musical traditions involving the kulintang ensemble consist of regional musical styles and varying instrumentation transcending the present national borders of maritime Southeast Asia, comprising Buddhist, animist, Muslim, and Christian peoples around Borneo, lesser Sunda islands, Sulawesi, Maluku, Sulu, and Mindanao. It is distantly related to the gamelan ensembles of Java, Bali, Sumatra & the Malay peninsula, and south Borneo, even moreso the ensembles of mainland Southeast Asia, primarily because of the usage for the same racked bossed gong chimes that play melody and/or percussion. Hispanic-influenced music Philippine folk music has some Spanish and Latin American influence, derived from the period the country, along with Guam and the Mariana islands, was ruled from Mexico City and Madrid by the Spanish viceroyalty. It is seen in folk and traditional music, of coastal lowland regions of Luzon, Visayas, and the predominantly Visayan north and east Mindanao alongside the westernmost tip of Zamboanga. Hispanic music in the Philippines derived from Iberian and some Mexican traditions, owing to the Philippine colony's orientation as a distant entrepôt for resale of primarily Chinese and other Asian luxury goods across the Pacific to mainland New Spain (present-day Acapulco, Mexico). Aside from standardized genres are many precolonial musical forms syncretized with Catholic and general Hispanic idioms, typically involving in religious folk rituals. The Pasyon chants ubiquitous among Christian Filipinos preserve prehispanicized vocal styles, and invocations of patron saints throughout many towns inherited precolonial forms of ancestor and spirit worship. Examples include subli (Batangas), sinulog (Cebu), tinikling (Leyte), and bolibong kingking (Bohol). Rondalla The rondalla is a traditional string orchestra comprising four-string, mandolin-type instruments such as the banduria and laud; a guitar; a double bass; and often a drum for percussion. The rondalla has its origins in the Iberian rondalla tradition and is used to accompany several Hispanic-influenced song forms and dances. Harana and kundiman The harana and kundiman are popular lyrical songs dating back to the Spanish period and are customarily used in courtship rituals. The harana is rooted in the Mexican-Spanish from Spain, traditional and based on the rhythmic patterns of the habanera. The kundiman, meanwhile, has precolonial origins from the Tagalophone parts of the country, uses a triple meter rhythm, and is characterized by beginning in a minor key and shifting to a major one in the second half. But make no mistake, harana and kundiman are stylistically different. Whereas harana is in 2/4 time, kundiman is in 3/4. The formula is verse 1 on minor key followed by verse 2 on parallel major key midway through. In the 1920s, harana and kundiman became more mainstream after performers such as Atang de la Rama, Jovita Fuentes, Conching Rosal, Sylvia La Torre, and Ruben Tagalog introduced them to a wider audience. Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida  THE 1987 CONSTITUTION THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES PREAMBLE We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. ARTICLE I National Territory The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines. ARTICLE II Declaration of Principles and State Policies Principles SECTION 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them. SECTION 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations. SECTION 3. Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military. The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the protector of the people and the State. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the national territory. SECTION 4. The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The Government may call upon the people to defend the State and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal military or civil service. SECTION 5. The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property, and the promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of democracy. SECTION 6. The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable. State Policies SECTION 7. The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states the paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to self-determination. SECTION 8. The Philippines, consistent with the national interest, adopts and pursues a policy of freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory. SECTION 9. The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all. Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida SECTION 10. The State shall promote social justice in all phases of national development. SECTION 11. The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for human rights. SECTION 12. The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the Government. SECTION 13. The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs. SECTION 14. The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men. SECTION 15. The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health consciousness among them. SECTION 16. The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. SECTION 17. The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development. SECTION 18. The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall protect the rights of workers and promote their welfare. SECTION 19. The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national economy effectively controlled by Filipinos. SECTION 20. The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages private enterprise, and provides incentives to needed investments. SECTION 21. The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform. SECTION 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national unity and development. SECTION 23. The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based, or sectoral organizations that promote the welfare of the nation. SECTION 24. The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building. SECTION 25. The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments. SECTION 26. The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law. SECTION 27. The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption. SECTION 28. Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest. ARTICLE XIV Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports Education SECTION 1. The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all. SECTION 2. The State shall: (1) Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the people and society; Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida (2) Establish and maintain a system of free public education in the elementary and high school levels. Without limiting the natural right of parents to rear their children, elementary education is compulsory for all children of school age; (3) Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan programs, subsidies, and other incentives which shall be available to deserving students in both public and private schools, especially to the underprivileged; (4) Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems, as well as self-learning, independent, and out-of-school study programs particularly those that respond to community needs; and (5) Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school youth with training in civics, vocational efficiency, and other skills. SECTION 3. (1) All educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as part of the curricula. (2) They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of humanity, respect for human rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical development of the country, teach the rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual values, develop moral character and personal discipline, encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden scientific and technological knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency. (3) At the option expressed in writing by the parents or guardians, religion shall be allowed to be taught to their children or wards in public elementary and high schools within the regular class hours by instructors designated or approved by the religious authorities of the religion to which the children or wards belong, without additional cost to the Government. SECTION 4. (1) The State recognizes the complementary roles of public and private institutions in the educational system and shall exercise reasonable supervision and regulation of all educational institutions. (2) Educational institutions, other than those established by religious groups and mission boards, shall be owned solely by citizens of the Philippines or corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens. The Congress may, however, require increased Filipino equity participation in all educational institutions. The control and administration of educational institutions shall be vested in citizens of the Philippines. No educational institution shall be established exclusively for aliens and no group of aliens shall comprise more than one-third of the enrollment in any school. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to schools established for foreign diplomatic personnel and their dependents and, unless otherwise provided by law, for other foreign temporary residents. (3) All revenues and assets of non-stock, non-profit educational institutions used actually, directly, and exclusively for educational purposes shall be exempt from taxes and duties. Upon the dissolution or cessation of the corporate existence of such institutions, their assets shall be disposed of in the manner provided by law. Proprietary educational institutions, including those cooperatively owned, may likewise be entitled to such exemptions subject to the limitations provided by law including restrictions on dividends and provisions for reinvestment. (4) Subject to conditions prescribed by law, all grants, endowments, donations, or contributions used actually, directly, and exclusively for educational purposes shall be exempt from tax. SECTION 5. (1) The State shall take into account regional and sectoral needs and conditions and shall encourage local planning in the development of educational policies and programs. (2) Academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all institutions of higher learning. (3) Every citizen has a right to select a profession or course of study, subject to fair, reasonable, and equitable admission and academic requirements. (4) The State shall enhance the right of teachers to professional advancement. Non-teaching academic and non-academic personnel shall enjoy the protection of the State. (5) The State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure that teaching will attract and retain its rightful share of the best available talents through adequate remuneration and other means of job satisfaction and fulfillment. Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida Language SECTION 6. The national language of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system. SECTION 7. For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis. SECTION 8. This Constitution shall be promulgated in Filipino and English and shall be translated into major regional languages, Arabic, and Spanish. SECTION 9. The Congress shall establish a national language commission composed of representatives of various regions and disciplines which shall undertake, coordinate, and promote researches for the development, propagation, and preservation of Filipino and other languages. Science and Technology SECTION 10. Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, innovation, and their utilization; and to science and technology education, training, and services. It shall support indigenous, appropriate, and self-reliant scientific and technological capabilities, and their application to the country’s productive systems and national life. SECTION 11. The Congress may provide for incentives, including tax deductions, to encourage private participation in programs of basic and applied scientific research. Scholarships, grants-in-aid, or other forms of incentives shall be provided to deserving science students, researchers, scientists, inventors, technologists, and specially gifted citizens. SECTION 12. The State shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of technology from all sources for the national benefit. It shall encourage the widest participation of private groups, local governments, and community-based organizations in the generation and utilization of science and technology. SECTION 13. The State shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists, and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for such period as may be provided by law. Arts and Culture SECTION 14. The State shall foster the preservation, enrichment, and dynamic evolution of a Filipino national culture based on the principle of unity in diversity in a climate of free artistic and intellectual expression. SECTION 15. Arts and letters shall enjoy the patronage of the State. The State shall conserve, promote, and popularize the nation’s historical and cultural heritage and resources, as well as artistic creations. SECTION 16. All the country’s artistic and historic wealth constitutes the cultural treasure of the nation and shall be under the protection of the State which may regulate its disposition. SECTION 17. The State shall recognize, respect, and protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to preserve and develop their cultures, traditions, and institutions. It shall consider these rights in the formulation of national plans and policies. SECTION 18. (1) The State shall ensure equal access to cultural opportunities through the educational system, public or private cultural entities, scholarships, grants and other incentives, and community cultural centers, and other public venues. (2) The State shall encourage and support researches and studies on the arts and culture. Sports Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida SECTION 19. (1) The State shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league competitions, and amateur sports, including training for international competitions, to foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy and alert citizenry. (2) All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors. ARTICLE XV The Family SECTION 1. The State recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation. Accordingly, it shall strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its total development. SECTION 2. Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the foundation of the family and shall be protected by the State. SECTION 3. The State shall defend: (1) The right of spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions and the demands of responsible parenthood; (2) The right of children to assistance, including proper care and nutrition, and special protection from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation, and other conditions prejudicial to their development; (3) The right of the family to a family living wage and income; and (4) The right of families or family associations to participate in the planning and implementation of policies and programs that affect them. SECTION 4. The family has the duty to care for its elderly members but the State may also do so through just programs of social security. ARTICLE XVI General Provisions SECTION 1. The flag of the Philippines shall be red, white, and blue, with a sun and three stars, as consecrated and honored by the people and recognized by law. SECTION 2. The Congress may, by law, adopt a new name for the country, a national anthem, or a national seal, which shall all be truly reflective and symbolic of the ideals, history, and traditions of the people. Such law shall take effect only upon its ratification by the people in a national referendum. SECTION 3. The State may not be sued without its consent. SECTION 4. The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be composed of a citizen armed force which shall undergo military training and serve, as may be provided by law. It shall keep a regular force necessary for the security of the State. SECTION 5. (1) All members of the armed forces shall take an oath or affirmation to uphold and defend this Constitution. (2) The State shall strengthen the patriotic spirit and nationalist consciousness of the military, and respect for people’s rights in the performance of their duty. (3) Professionalism in the armed forces and adequate remuneration and benefits of its members shall be a prime concern of the State. The armed forces shall be insulated from partisan politics. No member of the military shall engage directly or indirectly in any partisan political activity, except to vote. (4) No member of the armed forces in the active service shall, at any time, be appointed or designated in any capacity to a civilian position in the Government including government-owned or controlled corporations or any of their subsidiaries. (5) Laws on retirement of military officers shall not allow extension of their service. (6) The officers and men of the regular force of the armed forces shall be recruited proportionately from all provinces and cities as far as practicable. Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida (7) The tour of duty of the Chief of Staff of the armed forces shall not exceed three years. However, in times of war or other national emergency declared by the Congress, the President may extend such tour of duty. SECTION 6. The State shall establish and maintain one police force, which shall be national in scope and civilian in character, to be administered and controlled by a national police commission. The authority of local executives over the police units in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law. SECTION 7. The State shall provide immediate and adequate care, benefits, and other forms of assistance to war veterans and veterans of military campaigns, their surviving spouses and orphans. Funds shall be provided therefor and due consideration shall be given them in the disposition of agricultural lands of the public domain and, in appropriate cases, in the utilization of natural resources. SECTION 8. The State shall, from time to time, review to upgrade the pensions and other benefits due to retirees of both the government and the private sectors. SECTION 9. The State shall protect consumers from trade malpractices and from substandard or hazardous products. SECTION 10. The State shall provide the policy environment for the full development of Filipino capability and the emergence of communication structures suitable to the needs and aspirations of the nation and the balanced flow of information into, out of, and across the country, in accordance with a policy that respects the freedom of speech and of the press. SECTION 11. (1) The ownership and management of mass media shall be limited to citizens of the Philippines, or to corporations, cooperatives or associations, wholly-owned and managed by such citizens. The Congress shall regulate or prohibit monopolies in commercial mass media when the public interest so requires. No combinations in restraint of trade or unfair competition therein shall be allowed. (2) The advertising industry is impressed with public interest, and shall be regulated by law for the protection of consumers and the promotion of the general welfare. Only Filipino citizens or corporations or associations at least seventy per centum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens shall be allowed to engage in the advertising industry. The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of entities in such industry shall be limited to their proportionate share in the capital thereof, and all the executive and managing officers of such entities must be citizens of the Philippines. SECTION 12. The Congress may create a consultative body to advise the President on policies affecting indigenous cultural communities, the majority of the members of which shall come from such communities. Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No. 8491 January 30, 2002 RULE 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS SECTION 1. Title. — These rules shall be known, cited and referred to as the “RULES AND REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTING REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8491, series of 1998, THE CODE OF THE NATIONAL FLAG, ANTHEM, MOTTO, COAT-OF-ARMS AND OTHER HERALDIC ITEMS AND DEVICES OF THE PHILIPPINES”, hereinafter called the “Rules”. SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy and Objectives. — It is the policy of the state to herein prescribe the Code of the National Flag, Anthem, Motto, Coat-of-Arms and other Heraldic Items and Devices of the Philippines, ensure the promotion and implementation of its corresponding rules and regulations, and adopt effective administrative, regulatory, coordinative and supervisory programs and activities, where appropriate, in conformity with national government policies. Further, reverence and respect shall at all times be accorded to the flag, anthem, and other national symbols which embody the national ideals and traditions and which express the principles of sovereignty and national solidarity. SEC. 3. Scope of Application. — These Rules shall apply to individuals, public and private entities, military and police agencies, and other branches and/or instrumentalities of the national and local government including government-owned and/or controlled corporations, and shall also be observed in and Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida within the entire territory of the Philippines as such is defined in the Constitution and laws of the Republic of the Philippines. SEC. 4. Interpretation. — In the interpretation of the provisions of Republic Act No. 8491, Series of 1998, The Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines, hereinafter called R.A. No. 8491, and of these Rules, that interpretation which will promote or sustain reverence and respect for the flag, the anthem, and other national symbols, all of which embody national ideals and traditions, shall be given paramount consideration. RULE 2 THE IMPLEMENTING AGENCY SEC. 5. The Implementing Agency. — the National Historical Institute, hereinafter referred to as the Institute, shall be the agency tasked to implement these Rules. SEC. 6. Scope of Powers and Functions. — The Institute shall perform planning, monitoring, coordinating, implementing, and policy-formulating functions, wherever and whenever appropriate, and, in the process, exercise administrative, regulatory, and supervisory authority over the implementation of the provisions of R.A. No. 8491 within the Philippine territorial limits, and in conformity with national government policies. Such powers and functions shall include the following: a. Formulate, coordinate and regulate the implementation of the Code of the National Flag, Anthem, Motto, Coat-of-Arms and other Heraldic Items and Devices of the Philippines, consistent with the purposes and objectives of R.A. No. 8491; b. Plan, prepare and coordinate effective educational and information dissemination strategies which shall increase the level of national awareness of these Rules and other implementing details that may subsequently be formulated; c. Coordinate and monitor the implementation of these Rules and ensure the compliance of all the provisions stipulated under R.A. No. 8491; and deputize, assign and/or designate government agencies, non-government organizations, major branches and units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police, and other groups or individuals for the purpose of implementing, monitoring and coordinating tasks; d. Set policies and procedures concerning the concept and design/visual interpretation of the national motto, coat-of-arms, seals of various local government units (town/city/province), and other government instrumentalities, medallions, awards and other forms and devices of national recognition, and strict enforcement thereof; e. Formulate and devise appropriate legal procedures, assistance and coordinating systems for cases arising from the violations of R.A. No. 8491, including appropriate integration of this law into the Shariya Courts; and f. Perform other related functions required to achieve the objectives of R.A. No. 8491 and these Rules. SEC. 7. Definition of Terms. — Whenever used in these Rules, the term: a. “Military” shall mean all branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines including the Philippine National Police, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, and the Bureau of Fire Protection; b. “Festoon” shall mean to hang in a curved shape between two points as a decoration; c. “National Flag” shall mean the National Flag and Ensign of the Philippines, unless stated otherwise, used on land and sea by public, private and the military and shall refer to the flag or any other design that so resembles it as likely to cause any person to believe that it is the flag or design stated, expressed or provided in the Constitution of the Philippines, R.A. No. 8491 and these Rules; d. “Fly” shall mean the part of the flag outside the hoist or length; e. “Hoist” shall mean the sleeve or heading; part of the flag nearest the staff or the canvass to which the halyard is attached; f. “Symbol”shall mean any conventional sign which reveals man’s achievement and heroism (for orders and decorations), identification, authority and a sign of dignity (for coat-of-arms, logo and insignia); Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida g. “Half-mast”shall mean lowering the flag to one-half the distance between the top and bottom of the pole; h. “Halyard” shall mean the long rope where the flag fastens and which runs up the length of the flag pole; i. “Inclement Weather” shall mean that a typhoon signal is raised in the locality; j. “National Anthem” shall mean the “Lupang Hinirang”, the Philippine National Anthem; k. “Official Residences” shall mean Malacañang, and other government-owned structures where the President resides, and other structures occupied by the Philippine Consulate or Embassies abroad; l. “Places of Frivolity” shall mean places of hilarity marked by or providing boisterous merriment or recreation; m. “Advertisement or Infomercial” shall mean advertisement or any information material in print, radio, television, cinema, video and the like, outdoor and electronic media, seeking to promote individuals, entities, products or services for commercial, political purposes or information campaigns; n. “Heraldic Items and Devices” shall mean coat-of-arms, seals, logos, insignia, badges,flashes, patches, orders and decorations, medals, stars, citations, lapel pins, trophies, dry, wax or wet seals, and imprints on letterheads, envelopes and cards; o. “Government Entities” shall mean all branches of the government, its bureaus and attached agencies, constitutional offices, local government offices, government-owned and/or controlled corporations, government financial institutions, state universities and colleges,Armed Forces of the Philippines including its basic component units; and p. “Vexillary Items” shall mean national, local, house flags, or administrative,institution, corporate, unit and other organization’s banners. RULE 3 CHAPTER I The National Flag A. Design of the National Flag SEC. 8. The National Flag shall be blue, white and red with an eight rayed golden yellow sun and three stars that are five-pointed, as consecrated and honored by the people. B. Hoisting and Display of the National Flag SEC. 9. The National Flag shall be displayed in all public buildings, official residences, public plazas, and institutions of learning everyday throughout the year. SEC. 10. The National Flag shall be permanently hoisted, day and night, throughout the year, in front of the following: at Malacañang Palace; Congress of the Philippines building;Supreme Court building; Rizal Monument in Luneta, Manila; Bonifacio Monument in Kalookan City; Emilio Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite; Barasoain Church Historical Landmark in Malolos, Bulacan; Marcela Agoncillo Historical Landmark in Taal, Batangas; Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Libingan ng mga Bayani, Makati City, Mausoleo de losVeteranos de la Revolucion, North Cemetery, Manila; all International Ports of Entry and all other places as may be designated by the Institute. The National Flag of these sites shall be properly illuminated at night. SEC. 11. The National Flag shall also be displayed in private buildings and residences or raised in the open flag-staffs in front of said buildings every April 9 (Araw ng Kagitingan); May 1 (Labor Day); (National Flag Days) from May 28 to June 12 (Independence Day); last Sunday of August (National Heroes Day); November 30 (Bonifacio Day); and December 30(Rizal Day); and on such other days as may be declared or approved by the President and/or local chief executives. The National Flag may also be raised and displayed at sunrise and lowered at sunset and throughout the year in the open flagstaff in front of private buildings: Provided, that proper flag ceremonies be observed in accordance with these Rules. Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida SEC. 12. All Government Entities should observe flag days with appropriate ceremonies. Socio-civic groups, non-government organizations and the private sector are enjoined to observe and cooperate in making the celebration a success. SEC. 13. The National Flag shall be flown on all naval vessels and on merchant ships of Philippine registry, of more than one thousand (1,000) gross tons. Military, civil or state vessels should fly the National Flag. Pleasure, merchant, fishing boats or yachts are also encouraged to fly the National Flag. On board vessels of Philippine registry, the National Flag shall be displayed on the flagstaff at the stern when the vessel is at anchor. The National Flag shall be hoisted to the gaff at the aftermast when the vessel is at sea. SEC. 14. On all aircraft of Philippine registry, the National Flag shall be prominently displayed horizontally on its fuselage at the head portion with the hoist side pointing the forward direction. SEC. 15. ‘The National Flag, if flown from a flagpole, shall have its blue field on top in time of peace and the red field on top in time of war; if in a hanging position, the blue field shall be to the left (observer’s point of view) in time of peace, and the red field to the left(observer’s point of view) in time of war. The National Flag could be knotted to signal that assistance is badly needed. SEC. 16. If planted on the ground, the flagpole shall be at a prominent place and shall be of such height as would give the National Flag commanding position in relation to the buildings in the vicinity. The flagpole must not be of equal height or higher than the Independence Flagpole at the Rizal Park, Manila. The flagpole that is planted on the ground must be straight and slightly tapering at the top.The minimum length of the National Flag is one fourth (¼) the height of the flagpole, while maximum length of the National Flag is one-third (1/3) the height of the flagpole. SEC. 17. When the National Flag is flown with flag or flags of other countries, the flags must be of equal size and on separate staffs of the same height. The National Flag shall be hoisted first and lowered last. When displayed in a semi-circle of flags with other countries or house flags, the National Flag should be at the center. When displayed in a circle of flags with other countries or house flags, the National Flag should be flown on the flagpole facing the main read (point of reference- KM 0 Rizal Park,Manila); or in front of a monument; or the main entrance of the building. The flags of other countries or house flags should be arranged counter clockwise in alphabetical order, by precedence or by protocol. SEC. 18. When displayed in a row or in a parade with flags of other countries, the National Flag shall be on the left (observer’s point of view) of the other flags. The flags of other countries should be arranged in alphabetical order from left to right. When displayed in a row of house flags, the National Flag shall be in front of the center of the line or on the left (observer’s point of view) of the row. The house flags should be arranged in alphabetical order, by precedence or by protocol order from left to right (the observer’s point of view). When in a parade with house flags, the National Flag shall be in front of the center of the first line. The house flags should be arranged in alphabetical order, by precedence or by protocol order from left to right (the observer’s point of view). During special occasions, if there is only one flagpole, the house flag may be flown at the same halyard with the National Flag but below the latter and it cannot be bigger than the National Flag. SEC. 19. A worn-out National Flag should not be thrown away. It should be solemnly burned to avoid misuse or desecration. The National Flag shall be replaced immediately when it begins to show signs of wear and tear. SEC. 20. The National Flag shall be raised at sunrise and lowered at sunset. It shall be on the mast at the start of official school and office hours and shall remain flying throughout the day. Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida The National Flag shall not be raised when the weather is inclement. If already raised, the National Flag shall not be lowered for the whole day. SEC. 21. The National Flag may be displayed: a. Inside and/or outside a building, on stationary or movable flagpole. If the National Flag is displayed indoors on a flagpole, it shall be placed at the left of the observer as one enters the room; b. From the top of a flagpole, which shall be at a prominent place or a commanding position in relation to the surrounding buildings; c. From a staff projecting upward from the window sill, roof, canopy, balcony or facade of a building; d. In a suspended position from a rope extending from a building to a pole erected away from the building; e. Flat against the wall vertically with the sun and stars on top; f. Hanging vertically in the middle of the two-way traffic road, the blue field should be pointing east, if the road is heading south or north and if the road is heading east or west the blue field should be pointing north; and g. Hanging vertically at the sides or middle of the one-way traffic road, the blue field should be at the left of the observer. SEC. 22. The National Flag shall be hoisted to the top briskly and lowered ceremoniously. The National Flag must be properly folded before hanging for the start of the ceremony. It shall not be left hanging at the base of the flagpole while waiting for the flag ceremony. The National Flag shall never touch anything beneath it, such as the base of the pole, ground or other object. After being lowered, the National Flag shall be handled and folded solemnly as part of the ceremony. C. Conduct of Flag Raising and Lowering Ceremonies SEC. 23. All government offices, including national or local government units and institutions, shall henceforth observe the flag raising ceremony every Monday morning and the flag lowering ceremony every Friday afternoon. These include private establishments who fly the National Flag on the flagpole in their compound. Primary and secondary schools and other institutions of learning shall observe the flag ceremony as ordered by the Department of Education, Culture and Sports and/or the Commission on Higher Education. SEC. 24. The observance of the flag ceremony shall be simple and dignified. SEC. 25. During the flag raising ceremony, the assembly shall stand in formation facing the National Flag. At the moment the first note of the National Anthem is heard, everyone in the premises shall come to attention; moving vehicles shall stop. All persons present shall place their palms over their chest, those with hats shall uncover, while those in military,scouting, security guard, and citizens military training uniforms shall give the salute prescribed by their regulations, which salute shall be completed upon the last note of the anthem The same procedure shall be observed when the National Flag is passing in review or in parade. SEC. 26. During the flag lowering, the National Flag shall be lowered solemnly and slowly so that the flag shall be down the mast at the sound of the last note of the National Anthem. Those in the assembly shall observe the same deportment or shall observe the same behavior as for the flag raising ceremony. D. Half-Mast Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida SECTION 27. The National Flag shall be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning on all the buildings and places where it is displayed, as provided, on the day of the official announcement of the death of any of the following officials: a. The President or a former President, for ten (10) days; b. The Vice-President, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, for seven (7) days; c. Cabinet Secretaries, Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, Members of the Senate and House of Representatives, the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Director-General of the Philippine National Police, for five (5) days; d. Heads of National Government Agencies, including Government Owned and Control Corporations and Government Financial Institutions, for three (3) days; e. The Commanding Generals of the Philippine Air Force and the Philippine Army and the Flag Officer in Command of the Philippine Navy, for three (3) days; f. Governors, Vice-Governors, city and municipal Mayors, city and municipal Vice-Mayors, for three (3) days; g. Members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, Sangguniang Panlungsod and Sangguniang Bayan, on the day of interment; h. Barangay Chairmen and the Barangay Councilmen on the day of interment; i. Former National or Local Government Officials, appointive or elective, other than those specified above, on the day of interment, within their former respective territorial jurisdictions and by resolution of their respective Sanggunians; j. Regional Directors, Superintendents, Supervisors, Principals, Teachers and other school officials, on the day of interment and by order of the proper school authorities concerned; k. Recipients of national orders and decorations, on the day of interment and by order of the President or the Congress; and l. Other persons to be determined by the Institute, for a period of less than seven (7) days. In cases “c” to “e” the National Flag shall be flown at half-mast in front of the building where the deceased official is holding office and in cases “f” to “h” through Sanggunian Resolution or by order of the Local Chief Executive. The National Flag, when flown at half-mast, shall be first hoisted to the peak for a moment then lowered to the half-mast position. The National Flag shall again be raised to the peak before it is lowered for the day. The National Flag shall also be flown at half-mast during calamities/tragedies of national or international significance as ordered by the Office of the President. The National Flag shall be permanently hoisted at half-mast day and night throughout the year at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Libingan ng mga Bayani, Fort Bonifacio, MakatiCity; Mausoleo de los Veteranos de la Revolucion, North Cemetery, Manila; and in all memorial cemeteries dedicated to war veterans. The National Flag of these declared sites shall be properly illuminated at night. E. Casket SEC. 28. The National Flag may be used to cover the caskets of the honored dead of the military, veterans of previous wars, National Artists, and of civilians who have rendered distinguished service to the nation, as may be determined by the local government unit concerned. In such cases, the National Flag shall be placed such that the white triangle shall be at the head and the blue portion shall cover the right side of the casket. The National Flag shall not be lowered to the grave or allowed to touch the ground, but shall be folded solemnly and handed over to the heirs of the deceased or next of kin. No object must be put on top of the National Flag, except for religious objects that symbolize”God above Country”. Character Formation Nationalism and Patriotism Compiled by: Charlie M. Cabalida  F. Pledge to the National Flag SEC. 29. The following shall be the Pledge of Allegiance to th