Islamic Civilization PDF

Social Studies Islamic Civilization 570 CE: Prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca Mecca is the holiest city in Islam 610 CE: Muhammad received his first revelation at Mount Hira, th...

Social Studies Islamic Civilization 570 CE: Prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca Mecca is the holiest city in Islam 610 CE: Muhammad received his first revelation at Mount Hira, the revelation of Rise of the Quran, marking the start of Islam. Islam: 622 CE: Hijira; the migration to Medina, where the Islamic calendar begins. 7th Century CE: Emerged in the Arabian Peninsula under the leadership of Muhammad. 632 CE: Muhammad’s death after establishing a unified Arabian Peninsula under Islam. Rapid spread of Islam after Muhammad's death. The Rashidun Caliphate Social Studies 1  632-661 CE The first four caliphs expanded Islamic territories to Persia, the Levant, and Egypt. The Umayyad Compilation of the Quran into a single text. Caliphate 661-750 CE Capital: Damascus. Expansion into Spain (Al-Andalus) and Central Asia. The Abbasid Caliphate 750-1258 CE Capital: Baghdad, a center for learning and 8th-14th culture. Golden Age of Islam: Advances in science, medicine, and philosophy. Preservation and translation of ancient The Fall of Greek and Roman Baghdad texts 1258 CE Major centers of learning: Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba Notable scholars: Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Al- The Ottoman Khwarizmi, Ibn Al-Haytham Empire 1299-1924 Mongol invasion marked the decline of centralized Islamic power. A prominent Islamic state that became a significant political and economic power. Social Studies 2  1453: Conquest of Constantinople Politics Caliphate System: Islamic form of government Caliph: Their ruler Leadership under the caliphs unified vast territories Sharia Law: Legal framework derived from the Quran and Hadith Empires: Empires demonstrated effective governance and administration Economy Trade Networks: Connected the Mediterranean, Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Agricultural Innovations: Irrigation techniques and crop rotation that improved productivity. Taxation Systems: Zakat: charity tax Jizya: tax for non-Muslims Funded public services. Development of early forms of capitalism and free markets Advancements in textile production and metalworking Introduction of paper money and complex financial instruments Culture Architecture: Mosques, palaces, and intricate geometric designs Literature: Poetry, storytelling Ex. One Thousand and One Nights Calligraphy: Artistic writing of Arabic script. Social Studies 3  Music: Development of new instruments and musical styles. Cuisine: Influence on global food culture. Language: Development of Arabic as a scholarly and literary language. Religion & Beliefs Monotheism Belief in Allah The Five Pillars of Islam Shahada: Declaration of Faith Salah: Prayer Zaka: Charity Sawm: Fasting during Ramadan Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca Intellectual Traditions: Theology Philosophy Islamic jurisprudence Importance of the Quran and Hadith in daily life Concept of Ummah: Global Muslim Community Science & Technology Astronomy: Development of astrolabes and accurate star charts Mathematics: Algebra, algorithms, and the concept of zero Medicine: Hospitals, pharmacology, and surgical techniques Chemistry: Distillation, crystallization, and new compounds Engineering: Water wheels, dams, and mechanical devices Social Studies 4  Society Social Hierarchies: Included diverse ethnicities, religions, and social classes. Women’s Roles: Varied across regions; some women held significant positions in scholarship and trade. Education: Establishment of madrasas and libraries, like the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. Legacy Preservation and expansion of ancient knowledge Contributions to the European Renaissance Influence on world languages, especially in scientific terms Lasting impact on art, architecture, and design Ghana Civilization | Land of Gold Social Structure & Governance Established around the 6th century Powerful kings and structured society. The king was the central figure, supported by a council of nobles. Society was divided into classes: the royal family, nobles, traders, and farmers. This hierarchy helped maintain order and governance within the kingdom Economic Practices Thrived on trade, particularly in gold and salt. Their location allowed them to control trade routes between North Africa and the sub-Saharan region. Social Studies 5  Agriculture also played a role Growing crops like millet and sorghum. Culture Rich oral traditions and storytelling Polytheistic While written language was not as developed, symbols and oral history preserved their cultural heritage. Contributions Strategic trading location and gold wealth contributed significantly to West Africa's economy. The kingdom set the stage for future empires Laying the groundwork for trade routes that would be used for centuries. Extra Current Ghana is not the same as Ancient Ghana Kush Civilization | The Nubian Kingdom Social Structure & Governance Located south of Egypt Known for its powerful rulers, often seen as pharaohs. Society was organized into classes, including royalty, priests, and commoners. System of governance that reflected their culture and traditions Economic Practices Social Studies 6  The economy based on agriculture, mining, and trade. The region was rich in gold, iron, and precious stones. Kushites traded with Egypt and neighboring civilizations Exchanging goods such as ivory, textiles, and grain Culture Remarkable for its architecture, including pyramids and temples rivaling Egypt's. The Kushites developed their writing system, Meroitic, and made significant advances in art and sculpture, showcasing their rich cultural heritage Contributions Spread of ironworking technology throughout Africa. Cultural exchanges that enrich their and Egyptian civilization in arts, religion, and governance. Mali Civilization | Land of Wealth Social Structure & Governance Emerged in the 13th century under the leadership of Sundiata Keita Powerful monarchy The social structure included the king, nobles, and ordinary people. Education and Islamic scholarship were strongly emphasized, especially in cities like Timbuktu. Economic Practices Trade, particularly in gold and salt. Social Studies 7  The famous caravan routes connected Mali to North Africa Trade with Muslim merchants Agriculture was also vital, with farmers cultivating rice, millet, and wheat along the Niger River Culture Education & culture Timbuktu became a center for learning, attracting scholars from various regions. Produced beautiful literature, music, and architectural wonders. Djinguereber Mosque Contributions Wealth and cultural achievements influenced trade and scholarship across Africa and beyond. Spread of Islam and learning Advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and literature Extra In West Africa Near the Upper Niger River Zimbabwe Civilization | The Stone Kingdom Social Structure & Governance Flourished 11th-15th century Strong centralized authority Hierarchical: king at the top, followed by nobles and commoners. Social Studies 8  A council of elders governed the kingdom. Economic Practices Based on agriculture, cattle herding, and trade. Gold, ivory, and iron trade Connected with traders from the East African coast and other regions. Culture Stone structures, The Great Enclosure & the Hill Complex Unique art style, including pottery and crafts, reflecting its cultural identity. Contributions Architectural achievements and trade networks significantly impacted the region's history. Understanding African history and heritage Showcasing advanced construction techniques of its time. Pacific Island Civilizations Home to diverse and unique civilizations Developed over thousands of years Religion & Spirituality Animism: belief that natural objects have spirits They saw the divine; Daily life connected to their spiritual beliefs Ancestor worship Polytheistic pantheons of gods and goddesses Social Studies 9  Mana: a spiritual force or power in people and objects Influenced their art Social Structure & Governance Complex Social Structure Chiefdom systems in many islands Importance of extended family (clan) structures Family-oriented Gender roles vary across different cultures Land ownership often based on communal rights Community resilience & strong community Great teamwork Maritime Culture & Technology Canoe as transport Advanced boat-building techniques Stellar navigation for long-distance voyages Fishing technologies adapted to local conditions Trade networks Used for exploration Challenges & Adaptations Limited land and resources on small islands Learned water travel/transport Learned the value of sharing Diverse marine ecosystems Vulnerability to natural disasters like cyclones and tsunamis But, had forests as protection Social Studies 10  Isolation from other civilizations This isolation resulted into a unique culture Became self-sufficient Climate variations affecting agriculture and fishing Caused them to be extra careful and caring about the environment Legacy Their navigation skills, rituals and culture were preserved Needed to preserve language, communication, and memory Cultures adapted to their environments Created rich artistic and spiritual traditions Demonstrated remarkable navigation and maritime skills Left a lasting impact on our understanding of human adaptability Melanesia Civilization | Land of Many Islands Rich cultural diversity Dark-skinned populations Complex social structures Distinctive art forms, including elaborate masks and carvings. Tumbai mask associated with a tree spirit of a particular clan Micronesia | Tiny Islands, Big Impact Seafaring traditions Social Studies 11  Unique navigation techniques Strong clan-based social systems Adaptation to limited land resource Squatting Ancestors Figures Made for traditional ancestor worship & protection Polynesia | The Vast Triangle Shared linguistic roots Sophisticated oral traditions Storytelling Passed down knowledge and values Able to preserve culture Advanced farming and fishing techniques Hierarchical social structure Tahitian tattoo to represent their social status, likes, values, origin, and belief Social Studies 12