CBSE Grade 10 Control and Coordination Notes PDF

Class Notes Control and coordination Grade 10  Topics to be Covered Control and coordination Nervous coordination 2.1 Neuron 2.2 Types of neuron 2.3 Types of nervous system Central nervous system 3.1 Parts of brain Peripheral nervous system 4.1 Nerve and its types...

Class Notes Control and coordination Grade 10  Topics to be Covered Control and coordination Nervous coordination 2.1 Neuron 2.2 Types of neuron 2.3 Types of nervous system Central nervous system 3.1 Parts of brain Peripheral nervous system 4.1 Nerve and its types 4.2 Reflex action and reflex arc Chemical coordination 5.1 Endocrine glands 5.2 Hormones and functions Coordination in plants 6.1 Plant movement 6.2 Plant hormones  Mind Map ▪ Auxin ▪ Cytokinin ▪ Ethylene ▪ Gibberellin ▪ Tropism ▪ Abscisic ▪ Nastism acid Plant hormones Plant movements Plants Control and coordination Animals Nervous Chemical coordination coordination ▪ Hypothalamus ▪ Pituitary CNS PNS ▪ Pineal ▪ Thyroid ▪ Spinal ▪ Adrenal ▪ Brain nerves ▪ Spinal cord ▪ Cranial ▪ Pancreas nerves ▪ Gonads  1. Control and Coordination Control and coordination are the functions of the nervous system and hormones in animals and humans. Control and coordination in animals Animals Nervous Chemical coordination coordination Uses electrical Uses chemical signalling to control all signalling to the body functions coordinate all the body functions  2. Nervous Coordination It is performed by nervous system which is a network of nerve cells and fibres that transmits nerve impulses between different parts of the body. 2.1 Neuron(Nerve cell) The structural and functional unit of the nervous system which is highly specialised for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus within the body. Dendrites Cytoplasmic extension of the cell Cell body body that receives (Cyton) messages (impulses) from other neurons Contains nucleus Nucleus Axon Transmits impulse to Axon terminals axon endings Passes impulse to other neurons Synapse Junction between two neurons through which impulses pass from one neuron to other 2.2 Types of neurons 1. Afferent neuron Carry impulses from sensory organs to the Sensory input brain or spinal cord 2. Association neurons Integration Neurons of brain and spinal cord Motor input 3. Motor neuron Carry impulses from the brain or spinal cord to effectors (muscles or glands) 2.3 Types of nervous system Nervous system Central Nervous Peripheral Nervous system(CNS) system(PNS) PNS consists of CNS consists cranial nerves of brain and and spinal spinal cord nerves  3. Central Nervous System Brain Cranium Main coordinating centre Hard bony protective of the body covering of the brain 497727 Vertebral column Spinal cord Long tubular structure from Protective covering of the base of the brain and the spinal cord down to the spine  3.1 Parts of brain 4 1 5 2 6 7 3 8 1- Forebrain 5- Diencephalon 2- Midbrain 6- Pons 3- Hindbrain 7- Cerebellum 8- Medulla 4- Cerebrum oblongata  Forebrain 1 1- Forebrain Functions The important part of forebrain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. The cerebrum controls thinking, intelligence, voluntary actions, memory, reasoning, emotions, hearing, smell, sight, and speech.  Midbrain 2 2- Midbrain Functions Relays motor impulses from cerebrum to the spinal cord Relays sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the forebrain Visual and auditory reflexes  Hindbrain 3 3- Hindbrain Functions The hindbrain consists of cerebellum, medulla and pons. Cerebellum maintains posture and balance. Medulla oblongata controls involuntary actions like blood pressure, salivation, and vomiting. Pons regulate the respiratory system.  4. Peripheral Nervous System 4.1 Nerve Connective tissues bind neurons which form nerve fibres, and nerve fibres bundle up to form a nerve. Nerve Myelin sheath Axon Bundle of nerve fibres Types of nerves Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Arise from the spinal Arise from the brain cord 12 pairs 31 pairs 4.2 Reflex action A sudden and involuntary response to stimuli that does not involve thinking Reflex arc The pathway of reflex during a reflex action Sensory Relay neuron : Receptor : neuron : Allows sensory and motor Detects the stimulus Takes neurons to communicate messages to the CNS Message to brain Hot object (Stimulus: Heat) Spinal cord (CNS) Dropping of hot object Motor neuron: Effector : (Response: Executes the Carries signals Muscle away from the response to a movement) CNS detected stimulus  5. Chemical coordination Glands Organs that secrete substances such as hormones, digestive juices, tears etc. Glands Endocrine gland Exocrine gland Secretions are Secretions are directly released into released into the ducts. the blood. Eg., Salivary, Eg., Pituitary, sebaceous, thyroid, sweat, etc. adrenal, etc. Thyroid Salivary Gland Gland  5.1 Endocrine Glands Location of endocrine glands The several endocrine glands in our body are, 1. Hypothalamus 5. Pancreas 2. Pituitary gland 6. Testis (Male) 3. Thyroid gland 7. Ovary( Female) 4. Adrenal gland Hypothalamus Thyroid Pituitary gland Pituitary gland gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis Ovary 5.2 Hormones and functions Hypothalamus plays an important role in the release of many hormones(chemical messengers). For example, when the level of growth hormone is low, the hypothalamus releases growth hormone releasing factor which stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone. Gland​ Hormone Function​ Pituitary Growth hormone Regulates growth Pineal Melatonin Regulates sleep cycle Thyroid Thyroxin Regulates basal metabolism Adrenal Adrenaline Induces fight or flight response Pancreas Insulin Regulates blood glucose levels Males: Testosterone Development Gonads Females: Oestrogen of secondary sexual characters in males and females Aids in pregnancy in Females: Progesterone females  6. Coordination in plants 6.1 Plant movement The plants respond to stimuli and movement happens as a result of response. There are two types of movement namely, 1. Tropic movement 2. Nastic movement Tropic movement Tropic movements can be positive (towards the stimuli) or negative (against the stimuli). Growth-dependent Direction-dependent Slow response Tropic Movements in Plants Phototropism Geotropism Chemotropism Hydrotropism Thigmotropism (Light) (Gravity) (Chemical) (Water) (Touch) Nastic movement Growth-independent Direction-independent Fast response Thigmonasty Nastic movement induced in plants where the stimulus is ‘touch’. Touch-me-not plants begin to fold up and droop because of changes in turgor pressure. It is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall. 6.2 Plant Hormones Plant hormones (phytohormones) are chemicals produced by plants that regulate their growth, development, reproductive processes, longevity, and even death. The following are the plant hormones, 1. Auxin: Helps in unidirectional shoot and root growth 2. Cytokinin: Promotes lateral growth and induces branching 3. Gibberellin: Works along with auxin for stem elongation and also produces seedless fruits 4. Abscisic acid(ABA): Growth inhibitor which promotes seed dormancy and closes stomata during droughts and reduces water loss 5. Ethylene: Helps in ripening of fruits and shedding of leaves.