Case 3: Anatomy of the Circulatory System PDF

The Circulatory system Cerebrospinal fluid Upper border: From left 2nd sternocostal junction to right 3rd sternocostal junction. Right border: From right 3rd sternocostal junction. to right 6th sternocostal junction. Inferior border: From right 6th sternocostal junction. To left 5th intercost...

The Circulatory system Cerebrospinal fluid Upper border: From left 2nd sternocostal junction to right 3rd sternocostal junction. Right border: From right 3rd sternocostal junction. to right 6th sternocostal junction. Inferior border: From right 6th sternocostal junction. To left 5th intercostal space 3.5 inch from the median plain. Left Border: From Apex to the 1st point All valves of the hart have 3 cusps except Mitral valve which has 2 cusps (Bicuspid). Semilunar valve means the its cusps are like half moon with deep concave upper surface to prevent the return of blood to ventricles, bet collected in the cusps. In case of aortic valve, filling the cusps allow the right and left coronary arteries to fill deuring sustole as the opening are present in relation to the right and left cusps.  Types of blood circulations 1- Systemic Circulation. 2- Pulmonary Circulation. 3- Portal Circulation.  Types of circulations 2- Pulmonary Circulation. 3- Portal Circulation.  Types of circulations 1- Systemic Circulation. 3- Portal Circulation. Important: The arterial supply of the lung is through……... Important: The arterial supply of the lung is through Broncheal arteries which are branches from the descending aorta  Types of circulations 1- Systemic Circulation. 2- Pulmonary Circulation. The venous drainage of the liver is through.….? The venous drainage of the liver is through Hepatic veins IVC. Portal vein Liver sinusoids hepatic venules Rt& Lt hepatic veins IVC. The venous drainage of the liver is through Hepatic veins IVC. Portal vein Liver sinusoids hepatic venules Rt& Lt hepatic veins IVC. The venous drainage of the liver is through Hepatic veins IVC. Portal vein blood sinusoids hepatic veins IVC. Types of blood vessels The splenic artery is tortuous for several anatomical and physiological reasons: Length and Course: The splenic artery is relatively long, running from the celiac trunk to the spleen. Its tortuous course helps accommodate its length within the limited space of the abdominal cavity. Movement and Flexibility: The tortuous nature allows for flexibility, which is important given the movement of the surrounding organs during respiration and digestion. This flexibility helps prevent kinking or obstruction of the artery. Vascular Resistance and Blood Flow: The twists and turns of the artery can help regulate blood flow and pressure, contributing to a more even distribution of blood to the spleen. Overall, the tortuous structure of the splenic artery is an adaptation that serves multiple functional purposes, ensuring efficient blood supply to the spleen while accommodating the dynamic environment of the abdominal cavity. The lingual artery is tortuous primarily to accommodate for movements of the tongue during functions such as speaking and swallowing. The facial artery is tortuous to accommodate facial movements like mastication, speaking, laughing, yawing that produce stretching. Dural venous sinus: The dural venous sinuses refer to multiple venous channels within the cranial cavity, which are sandwiched between the two layers of the dura mater (the outermost layer of the meninges). This venous system represents the main pathway of returning venous blood from the brain into the circulation via the internal jugular vein. Arteriovenous anastomoses are precapillary communications between the arteries and veins; they are predominantly located in the scalp, ears, nasal mucosa, eyes, and dura mater. It may be induced surgically to patients with renal failure preparing for renal dialysis What are the 5 functions of the lymphatic system? 1) It bring excess tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to circulation. 2) Lymph nodes serve as a filter and function to monitor lymphatic fluid/blood composition. 2) It contain cells that engulfs pathogens. 3) It can initiate an immune response 5) It can eradicate infection. 1) Lymphangitis:  It is inflammation in the lymphatic vessels.  It's a complication of skin infections, but it can also occur in people with certain types of cancer and other health conditions.  Lymphangitis treatments include antibiotics and anti- inflammatory medications. 2) Lymphadenitis: It is an infection in one or more lymph nodes. When lymph nodes become infected, it's usually because an infection started in an area drained by these 3) Lymphedema: It is a is swelling caused by a collection of lymph fluid in the body between the skin and muscle.