Word Processing Features PDF

## Word processing features - Toolbar - Header - Typeface - Menu bar - Undo reverse action - Alignment - Insert hyperlink - Display graphics ### Word processing - A word processor enables you to create a document, store it electronically on a disk, display it on a screen, modify it by entering...

## Word processing features - Toolbar - Header - Typeface - Menu bar - Undo reverse action - Alignment - Insert hyperlink - Display graphics ### Word processing - A word processor enables you to create a document, store it electronically on a disk, display it on a screen, modify it by entering commands and characters from the keyboard, and print it on a printer. - The great advantage of word processing over using a typewriter is that you can make changes without retyping the entire document. - If you make a typing mistake, you simply back up the cursor and correct your mistake. - If you want to delete a paragraph, you simply remove it, without leaving a trace. - It is equally easy to insert a word, sentence or paragraph in the middle of a document. #### Word processors usually support these features: - Cut and paste - Find and replace - Word wrap - Print - Font specifications - Graphics - Headers, footers and page numbering - Layout - Merge - Spell checker - Thesaurus ### Match words from the opposite page with these definitions: 1. a program used for preparing documents and letters. 2. a row of words that open up menus when selected. 3. the distinctive design of letters and characters, e.g. Arial, Courier. 4. text printed in the top margin. 5. text printed in the bottom margin. 6. the way text is arranged on the page, including margins, paragraph format, columns, etc. 7. a function that enables you to combine two files into one. ### Label these word processing icons with the correct function: | Icon | Function | |---|---| |目 | Cut and paste | | % | Graphics | | ▼ | Align left | | | Undo | | | Insert hyperlink | ### Complete these statements with a term from A opposite. 1. A *bold* at 9 points ... consists of three elements: typeface, type style and type size; for example Arial bold at 9 points. 2. Notice that when you get to the end of each line, Word starts a new line automatically. It moves the word you are typing to a new line when it enters an invisible margin running down the right-hand side of the screen. This feature is called *word wrap*. 3. *Find and replace* and *thesaurus* ... lets you find a word and change it into another word throughout the text. 4. A good *word processing* ... program can be used not only to rectify accidental spelling mistakes and typing errors, but also to speed typing input. 5. Many word processors include a *spell checker* ... so you can look for words with similar meanings. 6. The *layout* ... contains a row of icons that perform particular actions when clicked. 7. *A left indent* ... a paragraph involves moving your writing in from the margins of the page. For example, a left indent is the distance between the left margin and the text. ## Health and safety ### Computer ergonomics - There are a number of health and safety problems that may result from continuous use of computers. - Typing constantly at high speed/may provoke repetitive strain injury or RSI, which causes pain in the neck, arms, wrists, hands and fingers. - Bad work postures and sitting in uncomfortable chairs may cause backache and stress. - Looking at the screen for long periods of time, and lights reflecting off the screen, can cause headaches and eye strain, pain and fatigue of the eyes. - Cathode Ray Tube monitors can emit electromagnetic radiation which can be dangerous to health. - The study of how people interact safely and efficiently with machines and their work conditions is called ergonomics. - In computing, ergonomics is about designing computer facilities so they are safe and comfortable. Here are a few tips. - Get an adjustable chair so you can change its height and angle. - Make sure your feet rest firmly on the ground or on a foot rest. - Ensure you have enough leg room under the desk. - Put the monitor at eye level or just below. - Sit at arms' length from the monitor (40-80 cm). Don't sit near the sides or back of CRT monitors; or use LCD screens, which are free from radiation. - Use a document holder, in line with the screen, to reduce awkward neck and eye movements between the document and the screen. - Position the keyboard at the same height as your elbows, with your arms parallel to the work surface. Try to keep your wrists straight and flat when typing. - Take regular breaks from the computer and look away from the screen at regular intervals. ### Electronic rubbish - Irresponsible disposal of electronic waste, from old computers and mobile phones to hi-fi and video systems, can cause severe environmental and public health problems. - For example, children or workers who come into contact with the toxic components of electronic products may suffer from skin and breathing problems. - We should recycle or treat ICT equipment (e.g. plastics from mobiles could be used to make pens and rulers). - Manufacturers should pay to finance recycling programs. ### The risks of using mobiles and in-car computers - Frequent use of mobile phones has been the cause of concern and there is ongoing research into whether radiation emitted causes health problems. - A serious risk is the use of mobiles and navigation systems in cars; this can distract the driver and cause accidents. - Don't use your mobile while driving. ### Another health problem is Internet addiction, including obsessive game playing, gambling, etc. - If you are an Internet addict, you should ask for help from specialists. - Talking on a mobile phone when driving is illegal in most countries. ## You and computers - Imagine you are designing an ICT classroom with 16 networked PCs, Internet access, and peripherals. What safety precautions should be taken into account? Use these notes to help you write four tips or suggestions. - Room conditions (space, desks, chairs, lights and windows) - Ergonomic devices - Electrical safety: layout of cables and connectors, hotspots for a wireless network, etc. - Noticeboards and posters with health and safety recommendations ## Processing ### The processor - The processor, also called the CPU or central processing unit, is the brain of your computer. - In PCs, it is built into a single chip - a small piece of silicon with a complex electrical circuit, called an integrated circuit - that executes instructions and coordinates the activities of all the other units. - Three typical parts are: - the control unit, which examines instructions from memory and executes them; - the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations; - the registers, high-speed units of memory used to store and control data. - The speed of a processor is measured in gigahertz (GHz). Thus, a CPU running at 4 GHz can make about four thousand million calculations a second. - An internal clock sends out signals at fixed intervals to measure and synchronize the flow of data. - The main circuit board is known as the motherboard. This contains the CPU, the memory chips, expansion slots and controllers for peripherals, connected by internal buses, or paths, that carry electronic signals. - For example, the front side bus carries all data that passes from the CPU to other devices. - Expansion slots allow you to install expansion cards which provide extra functions, e.g. a video card or a modem. - Laptops have PC cards, the size of a credit card, which add features like sound, memory and network capabilities. ### RAM and ROM - When you run a program, the CPU looks for it on the hard disk and transfers a copy into the RAM. - RAM (random access memory) is temporary or volatile, that is, it holds data while your PC is working on it, but loses this data when the power is switched off. - However, ROM (read only memory) is permanent and contains instructions needed by the CPU; the BIOS (basic input/output system) uses ROM to control communication with peripherals, e.g. disk drives. - The amount of RAM determines the number of programs you can run simultaneously and how fast they operate. - It can be expanded by adding extra RAM chips. ### Units of memory - The electronic circuits in computers detect the difference between two states: ON (the current passes through) or OFF (the current doesn't); they represent these states as 1 or 0. - Each 1 or 0 is called a binary digit or bit. - Bits are grouped into eight-digit codes that typically represent characters (letters, numbers and symbols). - Eight bits together are called a byte. - For example, 01000001 is used for the character A. Computers use a standard code called ASCII for the binary representation of characters. - In order to avoid complex calculations of bytes, we use bigger units. - a kilobyte (KB) is 1,024 bytes; - a megabyte (MB) is 1,024 kilobytes; - a gigabyte (GB) is 1,024 megabytes; - a terabyte (TB) is 1,024 gigabytes. - We use these units to describe the RAM memory, the operating capacity of disks and the size of a program or document. ### Look at A and B opposite. Then match the sentence beginnings (1-6) with the correct endings (a-f). 1. The CPU processes data and **e** ... coordinates the other parts of the computer. 2. The control unit is the part of the CPU that **c** ... controls the way instructions are executed. 3. The arithmetic and logic unit is able **to make** **f** ... calculations: add, subtract, multiply and divide. 4. The registers are high-speed storage **a** ... areas within the CPU. 5. Data contained in RAM is lost when **d** ... the computer is turned off. 6. ROM memory can only be read: **b** you can't make changes to it. ### Solve the clues and complete the puzzle with words from the opposite page. | Across | Down | |---|---| | 1. Intel *chips* are used in many computers. | 1. The *processor* is the brain of a computer. | | 2. Each 0 or 1 is called a *bit*, short for binary digit. | 2. The *motherboard* is the main printed circuit board. | | 3. *Expansion* cards can be inserted into expansion slots. | 3. The *clock* controls the timing within the PC by sending signals to synchronize its circuits and operations. | | 4. A *clock* controls the timing within the PC by sending signals to synchronize its circuits and operations. | 5. The processor speed is measured in *gigahertz*. | | 5. *Buses* carry signals between different parts of a PC. | 6. *Expansion* cards improve the computer's performance. | | 6. *ROM* memory can only be read. | 7. *Input/output* uses ROM to control the input/output of data. | | 7. *Control* cards improve the computer's performance. | 8. The control unit is the part of the CPU that controls the way instructions are executed. | | 8. The *main* printed circuit board is called the motherboard. | 9. The *arithmetic and logic unit* is able to make calculations. | | 9. *Data* is a program that tells a computer what to do. | | ### Read this product description and answer the questions below: - Processor and memory: Intel Core 2 Duo processor at 2.4 GHz 533 MHz Front Side Bus 1,024 MB of RAM; can be expanded up to 4 GB 200 GB Hard disk Double Layer DVD +/-R/RW drive Microsoft Windows. - **1. How fast is the CPU?** 2.4 GHz. - **2. Which term is used to describe the CPU data bus?** Front Side Bus. - **3. How much RAM does the computer have?** 1,024 MB or 1 GB. - **4. Can you add extra RAM chips? How many?** Yes, you can add up to 3 GB more. ### Look at C opposite. Fill in the blanks with the correct unit of memory. | | Unit of memory | |---|---| | 1. One **byte** represents one character. | 2. One **kilobyte** represents 1,024 characters (about a small page of text). | | 3 One **megabyte** represents about one million characters (about the text of a small book). | 4 One **gigabyte** represents about 1,000,000,000 characters (about 1,000 books). | | 5 One **terabyte** represents about 1,000,000,000,000 characters (about one million books in a big library). | | ## Input devices: type, click and talk! ### Interacting with your computer - Input devices are the pieces of hardware which allow us to enter information into the computer. ### The keyboard - A standard PC keyboard has various groups of keys. - **Alphanumeric keys** these represent letters and numbers, arranged as on a typewriter. - A **numeric keypad** appears to the right of the main keyboard and contains numeric and editing keys; the **Num Lock** key is used to switch from numbers to editing functions. - **Function keys** appear at the top of the keyboard and can be programmed to do special jobs., - **Cursor keys** include 'arrow keys' which move the insertion point, and keys such as **Home**, **End**, **Page Up**, and **Page Down**, which let you move around documents. - **Dedicated keys** are used to issue commands or produce alternative characters. For example: - **Ctrl** changes the functions of other keys (e.g. Ctrl + X cuts the selected text). - **Caps Lock** sets the keyboard in 'CAPITALS' mode; it only affects letters. - **Enter** (or **Return**) is pressed to select options from a menu or to start a new paragraph. - **Backspace** deletes the character to the left of your current position. ### The mouse - A mouse is a hand-held device that lets you move a pointer (or cursor) and select items on the screen. - It has one or more buttons to communicate with the PC. - A scroll wheel lets you move through your documents or web pages. The pointer looks like an I-beam, an arrow or a pointing hand. - An optical mouse has an optical sensor instead of a ball underneath. - A cordless (wireless) mouse has no cable; it sends data via infrared signals or radio waves. ### Mouse actions: - To **click**, press and release the left button. - To **double-click**, press and release the left button twice. - To **drag**, hold down the button, move the pointer to a new place, and release the button. - To **right-click**, press and release the right button; this action displays a list of commands. ### Voice input - Today you can also interact with your computer by voice with a voice-recognition system that converts voice into text, so you can dictate text directly onto your word processor or email program. You can also control your PC with voice commands; this means you can launch programs, open, save or print files. - Some systems let you search the Web or chat using your voice instead of the keyboard. ### Look at A opposite. Which input device would you use for these tasks? 1. To play computer games. **Joystick**. 2. To copy images from paper into a computer. **Scanner**. 3. To read price labels in a shop. **Barcode reader**. 4. To select text and click on links on web pages. **Mouse**. 5. To enter drawings and sketches into a computer. **Graphics tablet**. 6. To input voice commands and dictate text. **Microphone**. 7. To draw pictures or select menu options directly on the screen. **Touch screen** or **Lightpen**. 8. To take and store pictures and then download them to a computer. **Digital camera**. ### Complete each sentence by choosing from the following devices: touch screen, trackball, touchpad, webcam. 1. A **trackball** ... is a stationary device that works like a mouse turned upside down. You roll the ball with your hand to move the pointer on the screen. 2. **Interactive touch screens** ... are used in museums, information centres and Internet kiosks. You use your finger to point directly to objects on the screen. 3. A **webcam** ... is used to send live video images via the Internet. 4. A **touchpad** ... is found on notebook PCs. You use it by pressing the sensitive pad with a finger. ### Label the groups of keys with terms from B opposite. Then identify the keys described below. | Function | Key | |---|---| | Alphanumeric keys | | | Function keys | | | Dedicated keys | | | Cursor keys | | | Numeric keys | | | 6. It produces upper-case letters, but it does not affect numbers and symbols. | Caps Lock | | 7. It removes the character to the left of the cursor or any selected text. | Backspace| | 8. It works in combination with other keys, e.g. you press this key and C to copy the selected text. | Ctrl| | 9. It is used to confirm commands; in word processor, it creates a new paragraph. | Enter | ### Look at C opposite. Complete these sentences with the correct 'mouse action'. 1. To start a program or open a document you **double-click** on its icon – that is, you rapidly press and release the mouse button twice. 2. If you want to select a menu option, you just **click** on the left button. 3. If you want to find the commands for a particular text, image, etc., you have to **right-click** on it. 4. If you want to move an object, press the button and **drag** the object to the desired location. ## A typical PC ### Computer essentials - A computer is an electronic machine that accepts, processes, stores and outputs information. A typical computer consists of two parts: hardware and software. - Hardware is any electronic or mechanical part of the computer system that you can see or touch. - Software is a set of instructions, called a program, which tells a computer what to do. ### Parts of a computer - There are three basic hardware sections. - The CPU is the heart of the computer, a microprocessor chip which processes data and coordinates the activities of all the other units. - The main memory holds the instructions and data which are being processed by the CPU. It has two main sections: RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read only memory). - Peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include: - Input devices, which let us enter data and commands (e.g. the keyboard and the mouse). - Output devices, which let us extract the results (e.g. the monitor and the printer). - Storage devices, which are used to store information (e.g. the keyboard and the printer). - Disk drives are used to read and write data on disks. - At the back of a computer there are ports into which we can plug external devices (e.g. a scanner, a modem, etc.). They allow communication between the computer and the devices. ### Functions of a PC: input, processing, output, storage - **Input**: We enter data with a keyboard, a webcam, etc. - **Processing**: The data is manipulated according to program instructions. - **Output**: We can see the result on the screen or in printed form. - **Storage**: We keep data and programs in memory systems where they are available for processing. ### Look at A opposite. Read these quotations and say which computer essential they refer to. 1. 'Accelerate your digital lifestyle by choosing a Pentium at 4.3 GHz.' **CPU**. 2. 'Right-click to display a context-sensitive menu.' **Mouse**. 3. 'You will see vivid, detailed images on a 17" display.' **Monitor**. 4. 'This will produce high-quality output, with sharp text and impressive graphics.' **Printer**. 5. 'Use it when you want to let the grandparents watch the new baby sleeping.' **Webcam**. 6. 'Press any key to continue.' **Keyboard**. ### Match the terms with their definitions. 1. **CD/DVD drive** c. mechanism that reads and/or writes to optical discs. 2. **Speaker** b. device used to produce voice output and play back music. 3. **Modem** d. device that converts data so that it can travel over the Internet. 4. **Port** a. any socket into which a peripheral device may be connected. ### Look at B opposite and label this diagram with the correct terms. | Label | Term | |---|---| | W | Hardware | | C | Microprocessor | | | Main memory | | | RAM | | | ROM | | | Peripheral | | | Keyboard | | | Mouse | | | Monitor | | | Printer | | | Hard disk | | | DVD drive | ### Complete the diagram and sentences below with words from C opposite. **Functions of a computer** - **Input**. Raw data is presented to the computer. - **Processing**. Data is transformed into useful information. - **Output**. Results take the form of words, pictures and sounds. - **Storage**. Files and programs are held on disks. 1. Computer *output* is the visible or audible result of data processing – information that can be read, printed or heard by the user. 2. The CPU will *process* data as instructed by the programs you're running. *Processing* includes functions like calculating, sorting, editing, drawing, and searching. 3. DVDs are expected to replace CDs as *storage* devices. 4. As a scanner, the Sigma-100 can be used to *input* photographs as well as documents into the computer. ## Types of computer systems ### From mainframes to wearable computers - **A mainframe** is the most powerful type of computer. - It can process and store large amounts of data. - It supports multiple users at the same time and can support more simultaneous processes than a PC. - The central system is a large server connected to hundreds of terminals over a network. - Mainframes are used for large-scale computing purposes in banks, big companies and universities. - A **desktop PC** has its own processing unit (or CPU), monitor and keyboard. - It is used as a personal computer in the home or as a workstation for group work. - Typical examples are the IBM PC and the Apple Macintosh. - It's designed to be placed on your desk. Some models have a vertical case called a tower. - A **laptop** (also called a notebook PC) is a lightweight computer that you can transport easily. - It can work as fast as a desktop PC, with similar processors, memory capacity, and disk drives, but it is portable and has a smaller screen. - Modern notebooks have a TFT (Thin Film Transistor) screen that produces very sharp images. - Instead of a mouse, they have a touchpad built into the keyboard-a sensitive pad that you can touch to move the pointer on the screen. - They offer a lot of connectivity options: USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports for connecting peripherals, slots for memory cards, etc. - They come with battery packs, which let you use the computer when there are no electrical outlets available. - A **tablet PC** looks like a book, with an LCD screen on which you can write using a special digital pen. - You can fold and rotate the screen 180 degrees. - Your handwriting can be recognized and converted into editable text. - You can also type at the detached keyboard or use voice recognition. - It's mobile and versatile. - A **personal digital assistant or PDA** is a tiny computer which can be held in one hand. - The term PDA refers to a wide variety of hand-held devices, palmtops and pocket PCs. - For input, you type at a small keyboard or use a stylus - a special pen used with a touch screen to select items, draw pictures, etc. - Some models incorporate handwriting recognition, which enables a PDA to recognize characters written by hand. - Some PDAs recognize spoken words by using voice recognition software. - They can be used as mobile phones or as personal organizers for storing notes, reminders and addresses. - They also let you access the Internet via wireless technology, without cables. - A **wearable computer** runs on batteries and is worn on the user's body, e.g. on a belt, backpack or vest; it is designed for mobile or hands-free operation. - Some devices are equipped with a wireless modem, a small keyboard and a screen; others are voice-activated and can access email or voice mail. ### Look at A opposite. Which type of computer do these descriptions refer to? 1. a hand-held computer which can be used as a telephone, a web explorer and a personal organizer. **PDA**. 2. a typical computer found in many businesses and popular for home use. **Desktop PC** or **Laptop**. 3. a large computer used for intensive data processing and often linked to many terminals. **Mainframe**. 4. a small computer that fits into items of clothing **Wearable computer**. 5. a portable computer that can be closed up like a briefcase, but it can be as powerful as a desktop PC. **Laptop**. 6. a full-function PC, though it only weighs 1.2 kg - you can go to a meeting and write your notes on it, like a paper notepad; its screen mode can be changed from portrait to landscape. **Tablet**. ### Look at the computer advertisement and find this information. - **Toshiba Satellite** - Intel Centrino processor - 1,024 MB RAM, 100 GB hard disk drive - DVD Super Multi (+/-R double layer) drive - 15.4" widescreen/TFT/active-matrix LCD display - 85-key keyboard and touchpad - 2 memory slots, 1 PC Card or PCMCIA slot - Wireless communications: Wi-Fi compliancy and Bluetooth - 4 USB ports for connecting peripherals: digital camera, MP3 player, modem, etc. - 6-cell rechargeable Lithium-ion battery pack - **1. What type of computer is advertised?** Laptop. - **2. What kind of screen does it have?** TFT. - **3. Which pointing device replaces the mouse?** Touchpad. - **4. What type of ports does it have for connecting cameras and music players?** USB ports. - **5. What sort of power supply does it use?** Lithium-ion. ### Read this interview with Adam Hawkins, an IT manager, and complete it with words from the PDA section opposite. Interviewer: What are the basic features of a PDA? Adam: Well, a typical PDA is a **(1) handheld** device that runs on batteries and combines computing, phone and Net capabilities. Interviewer: And how do you enter information? Adam: For input, you use a **(2) stylus** or pen to write and make selections on a **(3) touch screen**; they also have buttons for launching programs. Some models have a small keyboard. They may have a **(4) handwriting recognition** system that reacts to the user's voice. Interviewer: Do they need special software? Adam: Yes, most of them run on Windows Mobile. Palmtops supported by Palm Inc. use Palm OS. Pen-based systems include **(5) handwriting recognition**, so you write on the screen and the computer recognizes your handwriting and inserts the appropriate letters. Interviewer: What sort of things can you do with a PDA? Adam: You can store personal information, take notes, draw diagrams and make calculations. Many PDAs can access the Net via **(6) wireless** technology. ## Living with computers ### Computers: friend..? - People who have grown up with PCs and microchips are often called the digital generation. - I have a GPS, Global Positioning System, fitted in my car. With this navigation system I never get lost. And the DVD recorder is perfect for my children's entertainment. - I use an interactive whiteboard, like a large touchscreen monitor, at school. I find computers very useful in education. - Assistive technology, for people with disabilities, has helped me a lot. I can hardly see, so I use a screen reader, a program that reads aloud onscreen text, menus and icons. - This new HMD, head-mounted display, allows me to watch films, and enjoy virtual reality, the artificial environment of the latest video games. - The upgraded wireless network at my university is great: we can connect our laptops, PDAs and Wi-Fi cell phones to the network anywhere in the campus. Communication is becoming easier and easier. ### ...or foe? - Our society has developed technological dependence. When computers are down, our way of life breaks down: planes stop flying, telephones don't work, banks have to close. - Computers produce electronic waste, plastic cases and microchips that are not biodegradable and have to be recycled or just thrown away. - They are responsible for health problems, e.g. computer addiction, an inappropriate and excessive use of computers. - Cybercrime, crime committed with the help of computers, is creating serious problems. Citizens may feel a loss of privacy because of unauthorized use of personal data or receiving unwanted electronic messages. ### Things we can do on the computer - A secretary: 'I use computers to do the usual office things like write letters and faxes, but what I find really useful is email. We are an international company and I send emails to our offices all over the world.' - A publisher: 'We use PCs to produce all sorts of texts in digital format. We publish e-books (electronic books) and interactive e-learning programs on CD, and we help a local company to design an online newspaper, displayed on the Web.' - A bank manager: 'We use financial software to make calculations and then generate graphs or charts. We also use a database to store information so that it can be easily searched.' - A home user: 'I like to retouch photos on my computer; I improve them by making a few touches and then save them on a CD. I also enjoy looking at music portals on the Web. I surf the Web every day and I often download files, I copy music files from the Net to my PC.' ## You and computers - Make a list of the ways you use computers at work and in your free time.