Gen Ana 1 Introduction PDF

gen ana 1 introduction Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7rk6gw Anatomy the science of the structure of the body clinical anatomy macroscopic structure anatomical position...

gen ana 1 introduction Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7rk6gw Anatomy the science of the structure of the body clinical anatomy macroscopic structure anatomical position all description of human body median plane equal right halves sagittal plane plane parallel to the median coronal plane (frontal plane) right angle to median horizontal plane both to median transverse plane cross sectional anterior ventral, front dorsal posterior, back dorsal pertaining to the back palmar palm of hand plantar bottom of foot /sole of the foot proximal Closer to the point of attachment or core distal further away from the trunk of the body superficial closer to the surface of the body deep farther from the body surface internal inside the body structure external outside the body Ipsilateral on the same side of the body contralateral on the opposite side of the body supine position lying on the back prone position lying on abdomen, facing downward afferent flow towards ref point efferent flow away from ref point flexion joint angle decreases extension angle at joint increases dorsiflexion lifting top of the foot plantar flexion movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle abduction Movement away from the midline of the body adduction Movement toward the midline of the body inversion Turning the sole of the foot inward eversion turning the sole of the foot outward rotation long axis, little no movement medial rotation part facing medially lateral rotation anterior surface moves away from midline circumduction the circular movement at the far end of a limb, complex sequence pronation turning the palm downward, moving the body part forward supination movement that turns the palm up, moving the body part backward epidermis outermost layer of skin, superficial part, stratified epithelium dermis deep part superficial fascia underlying deep fascia skin creases The skin over joints always folds in the same place 1/7 gen ana 1 introduction Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7rk6gw protective coverings on the ends of the fingers and toes, kera- nails tinized plates nail root proximal edge nail folds skin folds that overlap border of nail nail bed skin underlying the nail plate, skin covered hair follicles invaginations of dermis expanded extremities of follicles that penetrate to the deeper part hair bulbs of the dermis a peg of connective tissue containing capillaries and nerves, vas- hair papilla cular connective tissue arrector pili connects undersurface of a follicle gooseflesh (goosebumps) dimpling of skin secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass sebaceous glands through the dermis The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the sweat glands skin., long spiral tubular glands encloses body deep to the skin, envelops , separates individual Fascia muscles loose connective tissue underneath the dermis, loose areolar & superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue) adipose tissue deep fascia membranous layer, invest the muscles role in determining the path forms restraining bands of deep fascia, which hold tendons of retinacula muscles of forearm, blood vessels, and nerves close to wrist bone living tissue, subjected to stress A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except periosteum at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles. covers all bone surfaces (thick bone fibrous tissue) Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a compact bone bone, solid mass Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, axial skeleton and vertebral column. forming central axis Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial appendicular skeleton skeleton. forming upper and lower limb girdles long bones/limbs humerus, femur, metacarpals, matatarsal, phalanges diaphysis tubular shaft of a long bone, epiphyseal cartilage metaphysis central marrow, covered by periosterum scaphoid, lunate, talus, and calcaneum (cubpidal in shape , hya- Short bones line cartilage) found in the vault of skull (frontal and parietal bone) , cancellous Flat bones bone the diploe irregular bones skull vertebrae, the pelvic bone, thin shell compact small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from sesamoid bone compressive forces. buried in tendon, passes over a joint , largest sesamoid yellow bone marrow distal bone 7 yrs old red bone marrow restricted adult bone development Human bones grow until about age 25, hyaline cartilage 2/7 gen ana 1 introduction Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7rk6gw Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose. amorphous matrix , same refractive index. growth in length of bones found in the discs within joins , repairs it slowly , (temporomanibu- Fibrocartilage lar joint , knee joint) cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord. fibers embedded in matrix making it flexible ) ear, external auditory Elastic cartilage meatus joint space fibrous joints, cartilage joints, synovial joints consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the fibrous joints bones tightly together. tightly linked by fibrous , very little move- ment an almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of Synchondrosis cartilage, as in the vertebrae. articulating bones are united by a plate, no movement symphysis united primarily by pad or plate of fibrocartilage synovial joints thin layer of hyaline cartilage , rep. fluid filled cavity thin layer that lines the inner surface of the joint cavity at a synovial synovial membrane joint; produces the synovial fluid., cavity of joint, extends margins tough fibrous membrane, join protects the exterior of synovial capsule membrane joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane, viscous synovial fluid fluid , discs or wedges of fibrocartilage contain fatty Pads lying between synovial membrane , composed articular discs of fibrocartilage, may also be present to minimize wear and tear on the bone surfaces extracapsular ligaments outside the joint capsule intracapsular ligaments inside joint capsule short slipping or gliding movements; i.e. carpals, apposed atricular Plane joint surfaces are flat ex. of plane joints sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint , vertebrae Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict Hinge joints motion to one plane., hinge on a door , uniflexion - extension ex. of Hinge joints interphalangal joints, ankle , knee , homulunar joint bony ligamentous ring, concave , rotating bone turns around an pivot joint axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus ex. pivot joint median atlantoaxial joint, superior radioulnar distinct convex surface, synovial joint that does everything except condyloid joint rotating ellipsoid joint elliptical concave , wrist and knuckles, radio carpal joint type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and saddle joint rotation, hip and shoulder joints, socket like concavity of multiacial move- ball and socket joint ment , ( glenonumeral joint) An injury in which the ligaments holding bones together are sprain stretched too far and tear. abnormal excessive force at a joint fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a bursa joint over another. loose fibrous sac line internally with synovial membrane, serve to reduce friction Synovial membrane that covers the tendons, tubular bursa that synovial sheath surround tendon 3/7 gen ana 1 introduction Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7rk6gw where two sides of tendon sheath meet; entry for vessels and Mesotendon nerves, suspended within bursa vincula disappears or remains of narrow threads Buristis inflammation of a bursa Tenosynovitis inflammation of a tendon sheath muscle skeletal , smooth, cardiac skeletal muscle striated muscle fibers and voluntary muscles, produce movement attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during mus- origin cular contraction. less movile attachment insertion more mobile attachment belly fleshy part of the muscle cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach skeletal mus- tendons cles to bones thing strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles aponeurosis to bone raphe Interdigitation of the tendinous ends of fibers of flat muscles fibrous envelope , sheath that surrounds the entire muscle (invest- Epimysium ing deep fascia) -a tendon runs along one side unipennate muscle ex: Semimembranosus, extensor digitorum bipennate muscle center of the muscle (rectus femoris) series of bipennate muscles lying alongside one another (acromial multipennate muscle fibers) chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement (quadri- Agonist (prime mover) ceps femoris) antagonist opposes the prime mover, action (biceps femoris) fixator stabilizes the origin of a prime mover (shoulder girdle) muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent synergist rotation. against muscle crosses multiple joints (flexor extensor) The nerve enters the muscle at about the midpoint on its deep motor point surface, often near the margin; the place of entrance is known as the... motor unit a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body. smooth muscle long spindle shaped cells Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving peristalsis along in one direction through the digestive system. propels food forward. Propulsion , striated muscle fibers , myocardium of heart , Involuntary muscle cardiac muscle tissue found only in the heart. Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system paired series of cranial and spinal nerves somatic nervous system acts upon bodies external environment CNS (central nervous system) composed of large number of cells. specialized tissue or cells of the nervous system that produce Neuroglia myelin, communicate between cells, maintain the ionic environ- ment, and nurture the differentiation of neurons Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and neurons transmit information. 4/7 gen ana 1 introduction Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7rk6gw dendrite conduct nerve,impulses, short processes and long processes A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses axon away from the cell body. nuclei clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS these merge to form spinal nerve proper that enters intervertebral anterior and posterior root foramen Brain and spinal cord tissue that appears gray with the naked gray matter eye; consists mainly of neuronal cell bodies (nuclei) and lacks myelinated axons. white matter largely nerve processes and blood vessels a cebrospinal fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord, central canal internal length three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal meninges cord , surround entire CNS Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting dura mater the brain and spinal cord, most external membrane arachnoid mater middle layer of the meninges, serve to protect pia mater Innermost layer of the meninges A cluster of nerve neuron cell bodies, often of similar function, ganglion located in the PNS. 12 and 31 cranial , spinal nerves posterior root ganglion contains cell bodies of sensory neurons, IVF The posterior ramus passes posteriorly around the vertebral col- umn to supply the muscles and skin of the back. The anterior anterior ramus & posterior ramus ramus continues anteriorly to supply the muscles and skin over the anterolateral body wall and all the muscles and skin of the limbs. nerves that carry information out of the brain and spinal cord to efferent (motor) nerves other areas of the body , carry impulses away from the CNS nerves that carry information about the external environment to afferent (sensory) nerves the brain and spinal cord via sensory receptors., carry impulses toward the CNS plexus intermix their neuron process cervical plexus C1-C5, phrenic nerve brachial plexus C5-C8, T1, upper lower limb lumbosacral plexus Formed of L2-S2 rami. Supplies the lower limb. A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls in- autonomic nervous system voluntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands.motor control of smooth muscle - one neuron pathway that runs entire cns - skeletal muscle Somatic Nervous System (SNS) - nuclei ventral gray horn - motor end plate - two neuron pathway - smooth muscle autonomic nervous system (ANS) - preganglionic & postganglionic neurons - no motor end plates - supplies all area symphathetic nervous system - postganglionic 1:15 - fight or flight , excitation - doesnt supplies all area parasympathetic nervous system - postganglionic 1:2 - negative state, restoration 5/7 gen ana 1 introduction Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7rk6gw Sympathetic nerve activity; fight-or-flight response., origin and thoracolumbar outflow departure carry preganglionic axons to the sympathetic chain, myelinated white rami preganglionic fibers Also known as sympathetic chain ganglia, form a chain that runs paravertebral ganglia along side the vertebral column bone that forms the roof and lateral walls of the upper nasal cavity, a single, midline the upper portion of the nasal septum, and contributes to the medial wall of the orbit the two sympathetic trunks join to form a single small terminal ganglion impar ganglion anteriorly to the coccyx. representing fusion embryonic innervate part of large intestine, urinary bladder, ureters, re- pelvic splanchnic nerves productive organs, anterior nerve roots of corresponding spinal nerves cranial outflow parasympathetic division, CNS III, VIII, IX, X spinal outflow T1- L2 +S2 - S4 sensory neurons that conduct impulses initiated in receptors in visceral afferent neurons smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, supply information body's internal environment Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve. somatic sensory of dermatome single spinal nerve arteries carries blood away from the heart, arterioles smallest arteries surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow anastomosis flow from one to another, commununicating branch Anatomic end arteries Terminal branches do not anastomose Arteries that have anastomoses but are too tiny to shunt sufficient functional end arteries blood from one artery to the other. veins carry blood to the heart values prevent reflux blood venules smallest veins sinusoids capillaries like vessels, breaks in diminishing sizes capillaries Microscopic vessels, connecting arterioles System of vessels in which blood passes through a capillary portal system network, a large vessel, and then another capillary network before returning to the systemic circulation arteriovenous anastomosis tips of fingers and toes , without intervention of capillaries clear color less tissue, collected body, vast of network vessels Lymph eventually return Organ other than a lymphatic vessel that is part of the lymphatic lymphatic organ system; includes lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, and bone marrow. Lymph nodules are localize aggregations of lymphatic tissue lymphatic vessels assist the cardiovascular system in removal of tissue lymph capillaries network of fine vessels that drain lymph Lacteals blind ending projections of lymph capillaries lymphatic trunk/ducts largest collecting vessel afferent vessel lymphatic vessel with lymph flowing into lymph node 6/7 gen ana 1 introduction Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7rk6gw Lymphatic vessel with lymph flowing out of lymph node from efferent vessel node's hilus swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph lymphedema fluid within the tissues drains to venous system, right upper arm and right side of head right lymphatic duct and thorax thoracic duct empties left side of venous system cistema chyli plexus of vessels in upper describes the specialized membranes that line the body cavities, mucous luminal surface of an organ or passageway thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes serous membrane a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa, thoracic and abdomino pelvic cavities trunk reflected mobile viscera parietal layer lines the internal surface of the body wall visceral layer covering of viscera lubricates the organs and allows them glide without friction, exe- serous fluid cudate serous membrane pericardial marrow techniques and procedures used to create images of the human medical imaging body study of X rays and radioactive substances and their uses in the radiology diagnosis and treatment of diseases the use of ultrasonic waves to see inside the body without per- ultrasounds forming surgery. This is used to see babies inside the womb as well as internal organs. the branch of medicine that deals with the use of radioactive nuclear medicine substances in research, diagnosis, and treatment. 7/7