C05A-AENGR1105-Harvesting, Threshing, And Other Postharvest Machineries-PPT PDF

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY College of Engineering Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering AENGR 1105: BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT CO5: HARVESTING, THRESHING, AND OTHER POSTHARVEST MACHINERIES (Part 1)...

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY College of Engineering Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering AENGR 1105: BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT CO5: HARVESTING, THRESHING, AND OTHER POSTHARVEST MACHINERIES (Part 1) MAY ALISBO CABRAL, M.Sc. Instructor  LEARNING OUTCOME 1. Define terminologies associated with threshing/harvesting and post-harvest machineries, 2. Become familiar with the different harvesting/threshing and post-harvest machineries, and 3. Determine the capacity and efficiency of harvesting/ threshing and post-harvest machineries Copyright: Borrowed materials included in this lecture are owned by their respective copyright holders. The university and author/s do not claim ownership over them AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  HARVESTING AND THRESHING AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  INTRODUCTION The term “post-production ” concerns the processes which crops undergo, starting from harvesting until it reaches the consumers. Post-harvest operations for crops technically encompass a sequence of activities, including field drying, threshing, grain drying, cleaning, storage, milling and processing AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT Company Logo  Postproduction System of Rice Grain AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  HARVESTING- is the process of gathering matured crops that is ready for processing or consumption and first stage of postproduction (rice). CUTTING - is the process of cutting the panicles and straw. FIELD DRYING - is an optional process and is defines as the process of leaving the cut crop in the field and exposing it to the sun for drying. HAULING - is moving the cut crop to the threshing location. Stacking or piling is an optional process where it’s the process of temporarily storing the harvested crop in stack or piles. CLEANING - is the removal of immature, unfilled and non-grain materials. THRESHING - is the separation of paddy grain from the rest of the cut crop. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  I. Methods and System of Harvesting and Threshing Operation MANUAL HARVESTING It uses hand tools such as using hand tools such as scythe, sickle, and others. The labor requirement for this system is 48-person day/ha Sickle Harvesting “Yatab” Panicle Harvesting MECHANICAL HARVESTING It uses power equipment and machineries such as reaper, reaper binder, stripper, and combine harvester. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  I. Methods and System of Harvesting and Threshing Operation MANUAL THRESHING It is done by using a threshing frame such as flail or by foot trampling. MECHANICAL THRESHING It is done by subjecting the grains into the rotating parts of the thresher. It has a capacity range of 500-2000 kg/hr. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT II. Harvesting MACHINERIES 1. HAND TOOLS manually operated tools used by farmers from planting operation up to harvesting operation. human-powered instrument or implement usually without parts that move relative to one another used to facilitate mechanical manual operations. most basic level of mechanization where a human is the source for power using simple tools and implements. Hand tools can be classified as hoe, digger and lifters, machetes and knives, sickle, scythes, harvesting hooks and fruit pickers. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT II. Harvesting MACHINERIES 2. MECHANICAL HARVESTER (RICE) (a) Reaper – Only cuts the panicle during harvesting (b) Reaper binder – It cuts the panicle and bind them together for ease of hauling into threshing place. (c) Stripper – Does not cut the panicle. Instead it separates the grain by the combing action of the stripper teeth of the machine. (d) Combine – It harvest and thresh the grain in one operation. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  REAPER/REAPER BINDER ◼They are machines that cuts the panicles and place it on a windrow. ◼They are either power tiller or tractor operated machine. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  Losses Related to Reaping LAYING OR WINDROW LOSS – good grains that are shattered when cut crops are laid from horizontal conveyor to the ground. HEADER LOSS – good grains shattered during the cutting and transporting by horizontal flat belts towards the discharge end. CROP DAMAGE LOSS – unrecoverable good grains that are available from standing crop that has been knocked down or damaged by the machine during the cutting operation. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  Ways to Reduce Reaper’s Harvesting Losses 1. Avoid sharp turn when cutting. 2. Reduce cutting speed when cutting shattering variety. 3. Clear the rice panicle off the upper lugs and star wheels whenever possible. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT 1. BASED ON CUTTING MECHANISM A. Reciprocating Cutter Knife is a cutting mechanism consists of fixed lower knife and reciprocating upper knife wherein its movement is controlled by the crank connected to the gear box or belt drive. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT 1. BASED ON CUTTING MECHANISM b. Rotary Knife is cutting mechanism consists of planetary type circular saw- toothed blade which rotates at the same time with the pick-up triangular frame. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  STRIPPER HARVESTER ◼grain harvesting machines that do not cut the panicle during harvesting operation, instead it strip-off the grain from the panicle by combing action. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  Advantages of Stripper Harvesting ◼Simplicity ◼Ease of construction ◼Robustness of rotor which can do function such as Crop lifting Harvesting Partial threshing Harvesting Operation Transporting Crop transport AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  COMBINE HARVESTER ◼A machine that harvest and thresh the grain in one operation. ◼It has the capacity to cut, haul , thresh and clean grain in one combined operation. ◼It has a labor requirement or 2-3 operator. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  CORN HARVESTER ◼It is called as corn picker either a single- or double-row machine equipped with snapping rolls to remove the ears from the standing stalks. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT Type of Corn Picker According to Power Unit PULL-TYPE It is being driven by a tractor as separate unit and power is transmitted through power take-off drive. SELF-PROPELLED It is driven by an industrial engine as integral part of the machine AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  FORAGE HARVESTER ◼They are machine used for gathering silage crops such as grasses or straws for feeds. ◼It performs harvesting and chopping green row crops consisting of plant-cutting unit and a chopping unit. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  VARIOUS HARVESTER Sugarcane harvester Root harvester Citrus harvester Pineapple harvester AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT III. THRESHING MACHINERIES THRESHING SYSTEM Manual Threshing Mechanical Thresher Rubbing action According to According to Method According to Operation of Feed Threshing Unit Impact action Through flow Thrown-in Rasp bar Stripping action Axial flow Hold-on Wire loop Peg-tooth AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT 1. MANUAL THRESHING A. Rubbing Action It is the process when grains are detached from their panicles because of a rubbing action as in treading by man, animal and vehicle. The ouput of man threading is 14 kg/hr.. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT 1. MANUAL THRESHING B. Impact Action It is the process where grains are accelerated faster than their panicles and are detached as in hampasan and mechanical threshers. The output of hampasan is 34 kg/hr AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT 1. MANUAL THRESHING C. Stripping Action The grains are detached from their panicles when the straw is pulled through a “V” configuration or a comb-like device is passed through the panicles. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT 2. MECHANICAL THRESHING A. According to Operation i. Through Flow A machine whereby the harvested product is threshed while the cut plants are wholly fed into the machine in an opening perpendicular to the cylinder and directed to an outlet which is also perpendicular to it. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  Types of Through Flow Thresher SINGLE CYLINDER A type of thresher which consists of only one threshing cylinder. DOUBLE CYLINDER A type of thresher which consists of two cylinder arranged in series or one after the other AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT 2. MECHANICAL THRESHING A. According to Operation ii. Axial Flow It is a mechanical thresher whereby the stalk with the grains is fed into one of the threshing chambers and the materials moved axially until the straw is thrown out at the other end when all the grains are removed AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  Types of Axial Flow Thresher 1.Portable axial thresher without oscillating screen simple and light weight for ease of movement in the field. 2.Portable axial thresher with oscillating screen equipped with oscillating screen, centrifugal blower for winnowing screen 3. Mobile Axial Flow Thresher is similar but larger in size with the portable thresher with oscillating screen. It is usually equipped with support wheel for ease of transport. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT 2. MECHANICAL THRESHING B. According to Method of Feeding i. Throw-in type A mechanical thresher whereby the whole cut plant are fed into the machine and major portion of the grains is threshed by the initial impact of the bars or spikes on the cylinder and further threshing is accomplished as the moving panicles hit the spikes or the bars of the concave AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT 2. MECHANICAL THRESHING B. According to Method of Feeding ii. Hold-On Thresher A mechanical thresher wherein during the operation, the stalk is held mechanically by the operator until all the grains are detached from the panicle AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT 2. MECHANICAL THRESHING C. According to Threshing Unit i. Rasp bar It is a kind of threshing cylinder wherein equidistant bar-like protrusion in parallel orientation are laid on the periphery of the cylinder AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT 2. MECHANICAL THRESHING C. According to Threshing Unit ii. Wire loop It is a kind of threshing cylinder wherein wire loop of the same arch and of equal sizes are attached around the periphery of the cylinder in tandem arrangement AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT 2. MECHANICAL THRESHING C. According to Threshing Unit iii. Peg tooth It is a kind of threshing cylinder wherein spikes or pegs of equal length are attached around the periphery of the cylinder in tandem fashion. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  BASIC COMPONENTS OF MECHANICAL THRESHER AND ITS MECHANISM AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  BASIC COMPONENTS OF MECHANICAL THRESHER AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  MAIN COMPONENT of MECHANICAL THRESHER 1.THRESHING CYLINDER It is the part of the thresher that rotates about the axis equipped with either pegs, rasp bar, or wire loop on its periphery. It is the main parts of the thresher that separates the grains from the panicle. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  MAIN COMPONENT of MECHANICAL THRESHER 2. CONCAVE It is the part of the thresher which encloses the threshing cylinder and allows the separation of the grains from the panicle Upper Lower concave is a semi-circular shape wire Concave mesh or bars covering the lower portion in which the cylinder rubs and separate the grains from the panicle and through which grain fall. Upper concave is a semi-circular shape top cover of the threshing cylinder consisting of a metal sheet with louvers and/or grills which assist threshing and axial movement of the straw Lower Concave AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  VARIOUS MECHANICAL THRESHER Sunflower Thresher CornThresher/Sheller Peanut Thresher AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  IV. COMBINE HARVESTER Combine harvester heads the standing grain, thresh it and clean it as it moves over the field. It eliminates from the harvest the activity of grain binder, the header, and the stationary thresher as well as the activity of stacking and hauling the grains. The combine is well adapted for harvesting small grains, soybeans, grain sorghum, rice and many others. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  BASIC FUNCTIONS OF COMBINE HARVESTER 1. Cuts the standing grain 2. Feed the cut grain to the cylinder. 3. Threshing the grain from the stalk or steam 4. Separates the grain from the straw. 5. Cleans the grain by removing the chaff and other foreign matter 6. Handling the grain from the combine to the truck. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  Classification of combine harvester 1. Pull-Type Combine This machine is being drawn by a tractor and power is transmitted through the power take- off shaft for smaller unit while with an auxiliary engine for larger unit. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  Classification of combine harvester 2. SELF PROPELLED COMBINE This machine is power by 60 to 150 hp industrial engine and is operated by one person. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  BASIC COMPONENT OF COMBINE HARVESTER AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  BASIC COMPONENT OF COMBINE HARVESTER AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  Cutting Mechanism Threshing Mechanism Cleaning Mechanism Cleaning Mechanism AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  Losses Related to Combining of Grains 1. SHATTER LOSS -it is the grain lying on the ground or out of reach of the cutter bar. 2.CUTTER BAR LOSS -. It is the grain lost due to rough handling by the cutter bar 3. CYLINDER LOSS -It is the grain lost over the straw rack in the form of unthreshed heads. 4.SEPARATING LOSS-. It is the grain lost out of the rear of the combine in the form of threshed grain. 5. CLEANING LOSS -The loss in the value of the crop due to the presence of foreign matter in the grain tank.. AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  REFERENCES PAES Volume I-XI. CD Version. AMTEC, CEAT, UPLB. Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center. 2005.Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards. 2 nd Edition. CD version 2005. AMTEC, CEAT, UPLB. Kepner, R.A, Roy Bainer and E.L. Barger. 1978. Principles of Farm Machinery. 3rd Edition. Avi Publishing Company, Inc. Westport Connecticut. USA Srivastava, Ajit K., Carroll E. Goering, Roger P. Rohrbach and Dennis R. Buckmaster. 2006. Engineering Principles of Agricultural Machines. 2nd Ed. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. Campbell, J.K. 1990. Dibble Sticks, Donkeys, and Diesel: Machine in Crop Production. International Rice Research Institute. Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines Paddy Drying, Agricultural Engineering Unit, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Retrieved on January 25, 2015 at http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ericeproduction/Training_materials.htm Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES 201:2000), Agricultural Machinery – Heated-Air Mechanical Grain Dryer – Specifications PCARRD. 1987. The Philippine Recommend for Rice Postproduction Operation. Los Banos, Laguna. PCARRD, NAPHIRE. 130pp. Wimberly, J. E. 1983. Technical Handbook for the Paddy Rice Post-harvest Industry in Developing Countries. The International Rice Research Institute. Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. 188pp. Rice Knowledge Bank (http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/) Compilation of Lecture Notes of Engr. Alexis Belonio Compilation of Lecture Notes of RMO-NC2 Training (Central Luzon) AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT  Thank you and God bless☺ AENGR1105- BASIC FARM MACHINERIES, MECHANIZATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT