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Setio, Jorelyn B.,Tibuc,Charin S.,Ustari, Sherlyn Joyce L. BS BIOLOGY -IV SPBI II3 MAN-MADE MAHOGANY FOREST Mahogany refers to a type of tropical hardwood known for its reddish-brown color, straight grain, and durability. It belon...

Setio, Jorelyn B.,Tibuc,Charin S.,Ustari, Sherlyn Joyce L. BS BIOLOGY -IV SPBI II3 MAN-MADE MAHOGANY FOREST Mahogany refers to a type of tropical hardwood known for its reddish-brown color, straight grain, and durability. It belongs to the genus Swietenia, which is native to the Americas, and is highly valued for various uses, especially in furniture making and carpentry Can grow up to 40-50 meters in height with a diameter of about 1.8 meters. Varies in hardness from moderate to very hard based on species Originally from Central and South America as well as Africa and been introduced to Asia where they adapt well Have pinnate leaves with small opposite leaflets on an elongated stem. Their fruits are woody capsules containing winged seeds, which are dispersed by wind Common Types and Sub-species of Mahogany o 2 Types 1. Honduran Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) known as “genuine mahogany.” It is a tropical hardwood tree that grows up to 150 feet tall and 6-8 feet in diameter. The wood has a reddish-brown color that darkens over time. 2. Cuban Mahogany (Swietenia mahogani) This species was once widely used for furniture but became rare due to overharvesting. -It is similar to Honduran Mahogany but has finer grains and lesser pores. o Sub-species a. African Mahoganies ▪ Khaya senegalensis ▪ Khaya ivorensis ▪ Entandrophragma angolense b. Philippine Mindanao Mahogany ▪ Shorea spp. c. Indian Mahogany ▪ Toona ciliata d. Small-leaved mahogany (Sweitenia parvifolia) - Found in Belize e. Sweitenia humilis - From Mexico Pacific Coast  Uses of Mahogany o Ecosystem ✓ Carbon Sequestration - Mahogany trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, helping to mitigate climate change. ✓ Soil Erosion Control - Their extensive root systems help prevent soil erosion, maintaining soil stability. ✓ Biodiversity Support - Mahogany forests provide habitat and food for various wildlife species, contributing to biodiversity. ✓ Water Regulation - These trees help regulate groundwater levels and improve water quality by absorbing excess nutrients from agricultural runoff. ✓ Climate Regulation - Mahogany trees release organic compounds that help reduce atmospheric warming by preventing the sun’s heat energy from reaching the Earth’s surface. o Human ✓ Furniture Making - Mahogany wood is highly valued for its beauty, durability, and resistance to decay, making it ideal for high-quality furniture. ✓ Boat Building - Mahogany is resistant to rot and insect damage, making it suitable for boat construction. ✓ Musical Instruments - The wood's tonal qualities are used in crafting musical instruments like guitars and pianos. ✓ Veneers and Plywood - Mahogany is used to make veneer sheets and plywood due to its smooth finish and durability. ✓ Decorative Items - It is used for making doors, windows, kitchen cabinets, and other decorative accents.  ✓ Medicinal Uses - The leaves, bark, and fruits of mahogany trees have been used in traditional medicine to treat conditions like anemia, diabetes, and malaria. Man-Made Mahogany Forest Describes a forest that has been deliberately planted and nurtured by humans, as opposed to one that has developed naturally. Such a forest is typically established for purposes like reforestation, conservation, timber production, or environmental restoration Man-made mahogany forests in the Philippines offer economic benefits and reduce soil erosion but negatively impact native biodiversity. Example of Man-made Mahogany ❖ Billar Man-made Forest - Located at Bohol Philippines - Is a dense forest stretching two kilometers along the border of Loboc and Bilar towns in Bohol. The forest is mainly made up of white and red mahogany trees. - It is part of a reforestation project started over 50 years ago. - Primarily composed of Honduran Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) trees Economic Importance For timber production for human needs Provide employment Prevent soil erosion, improve water quality, and act as carbon sinks to mitigate climate change. Their cultivation supports local economies and global sustainability, emphasizing the importance of sustainable forestry practices for future generations. Challenges Threatened by pest and insect boarers Improper pruning Fungal infection Invasive species Methods in Forest Management ▪ Manipulative Management Emphasizing immediate economic gains can harm forest ecosystems. Industrial landowners may exploit forests for timber, ignoring long-term ecological consequences.  Selective logging is practiced in planted and natural forests, including mahogany-rich areas in the Philippines. ▪ Custodial Management Aims to protect biodiversity and sustain ecosystem services by prioritizing conservation over exploitation. It incorporates sustainable practices considering the needs of diverse stakeholders. Examples include creating protected areas like national parks or wildlife reserves where logging and extractive industries are prohibited. Sustainable Development Goals connected to Forest Management ❖ Sustainable Development Goals 13(SDG13) - It aims to keep global temperature rise below 2°C, preferably at 1.5°C, emphasizing global cooperation and encompassing five key targets. - SDG 13 promotes climate resilience, integrates climate measures into policies, combats illiteracy, raises awareness, and financially assists economically challenged countries. - In the Philippines, SDG 13 significantly impacts artificial mahogany forests, which aid in reforestation and carbon dioxide absorption to combat global warming. ❖ Sustainable Development Goals 15(SDG15) - Aims to Protect, restore, and promote the sustainable use of land and inland freshwater ecosystems - Man-made mahogany forests demonstrate the interconnectedness of environmental health and economic viability, promoting a sustainable future that respects natural resources and supports local communities Laws/Policies in Forest Management Republic Act No. 7586: National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992 - Establishes protected areas for conserving biodiversity and natural resources. Republic Act No. 9175: Chainsaw Act of 2002 - Regulates chainsaw ownership and operation to prevent illegal logging. Republic Act No. 10176: National Land Use Act - Encourages sustainable land use planning. DENR Administrative Order No. 99-53: Regulation on the Integrated Forest Management Program (IFMP) - Emphasizes sustainable forest management.  Republic Act No. 8371: Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997 - Recognizes indigenous peoples’ rights to ancestral domains. Philippine Forestry Code (Presidential Decree No. 705) - Provides framework for managing and protecting forest resources. These laws reflect the government’s commitment to sustainable forest management, economic development, and environmental conservation for long-term sustainability. Executive Order No. 192 -reorganized the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to better manage natural resources, including forests. DENR Administrative Orders such as DAO 2023-09, 2021-43, and 2021-26 - provide specific guidelines on forest inventory, carbon accounting, and bamboo regulations. The Community-Based Forest Management Program (CBFMP) - empowers local communities with tenure and management rights over forest lands. References: Admin. (2023, March 31). Man-Made Forest of Bohol: A Surreal Escape to Nature’s Wonders. The Travelling Tarsier. Bilar Man-Made Forest | Entrance Fee, Opening Hours & More. (2018). Forevervacation.com. Braganza, L. (2024, March 29). Mahogany tree characteristics and uses. Sustainable Agriculture. https://www.agraryo.com/agroforestry/mahogany-tree-characteristics-and-uses/ CORNELIUS, J. P., NAVARRO, C. M., WIGHTMAN, K. E., & WARD, S. E. (2005). Is mahogany dysgenically selected? Environmental Conservation, 32(2), 129–139. ForeverVacation. (n.d.). Bohol man-made forest. ForeverVacation. Retrieved September 17, 2024, from https://forevervacation.com/bohol/man-made-forest Forestry-Related Laws and Policies | Forest Management Bureau. (2023). Denr.gov.ph. Gilbero, D. M., Abasolo, W. P., Matsuo-Ueda, M., & Yamamoto, H. (2019). Surface growth stress and wood properties of 8-year-old planted Big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) from different landrace provenances and trial sites in the Philippines. Journal of Wood Science, 65(1). Galano, J., Lillian, J., & Rodriguez. (n.d.). Exotic Mahogany Leaf Litter Hinders Growth of Philippine Native Tree Seedlings. Iberdrola. (n.d.). SDG 15: Life on land: Sustainably managing forests, combating desertification, and stopping biodiversity loss. Iberdrola. Retrieved September 17, 2024, from https://www.iberdrola.com/sustainability/committed-sustainable-development-goals/sdg- 15-life-on-land Masum, K. M., Mansor, A., Sah, S. A. M., Lim, H. S., & Hossain, Md. K. (2017). Effect of differential forest management on biodiversity in a tropical hill forest of Malaysia and implications for conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 26(7), 1569–1586. Lele, S. (2024). Forest Management and Conservation Regime. Oxford University Press EBooks, 465–486. Martin. (2023, October 20). Climate Change – United Nations Sustainable Development. United Nations Sustainable Development. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climate- change/ Paimin, P. (2017). The Effectiveness of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Plantation Forest on Controlling Erosion and Runoff. Forum Geografi, 19(1), 88. Urich, P. B., & Reeder, P. (1999). Plantation Forestry in Tropical Limestone Uplands: Environmental Constraints and Opportunities. The Professional Geographer, 51(4), 493– 506. Proceedings of the Forest Policy Workshop Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 22-24 January, 2002. South, D. B. (2013). Different Economic Approaches in Forest Management. Forestry Sciences, 375–389. Swasyaliving. (2021, April 16). Mahogany tree farming.Swasya Living. https://www.swasyaliving.com/post/mahogany-tree-farming The Dark Side of Bohol’s Bilar Manmade Forest + An Appeal to People Planting Trees. (2012, October 9). Traveling Light. United Nations. (n.d.). Goal 15: Life on land. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved September 17, 2024, from https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal15 Villegas, E. (2024, August). Why the Philippines should plant more native trees. #ThinkLandscape. Why your tree planting isn’t helping the Philippine environment. (2020, January 28). Wildlife Journal PH.