BPharm IV 2015 Test 1 PDF

1. Basic pharmacokinetics a. facilitated passive diffusion occurs against a concentration gradient b. increased first pass metabolism means that less drug has to be given orally c. if the pH > pKa, the larger proportion of the drug is in its unprotonated form d. volume of distribution...

1. Basic pharmacokinetics a. facilitated passive diffusion occurs against a concentration gradient b. increased first pass metabolism means that less drug has to be given orally c. if the pH > pKa, the larger proportion of the drug is in its unprotonated form d. volume of distribution (Vd) is used to calculate a loading dose e. if the Vd is constant and the half-life of a drug is prolonged, the clearance of the drug is decreased 2. Pharmacokinetics a. when metabolism is saturated, drug elimination follows zero-order kinetics b. in first order kinetics, the elimination rate is proportional to the plasma drug concentration c. increasing the rate of infusion changes the time required to achieve steady-state concentration. d. time to reach steady state depends on the dose of the drug e. area under the curve (AUC) gives a measure of the amount of drug absorbed 3. In the second messenger system for the beta-2 adrenoceptor on bronchial smooth muscle a. adrenaline increases the activity of cAMP b. inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) decreases cAMP levels c. an increase in cAMP levels lowers intracellular calcium levels d. caffeine increases cAMP levels in the cell e. theophylline increases phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) 4. Signal transduction and drug action a. dopamine increases the concentration of cAMP in myocardial muscle cells b. adrenaline increases the activity of phospholipase C in vascular smooth muscle c. in vascular smooth muscle, an increase in inositol triphosphate causes smooth muscle relaxation d. stimulation of alpha-1-adrenoceptors in vascular smooth muscle increases the concentration of diacylglycerol e. in skeletal blood vessels, stimulation of beta-2-adrenoceptors activates of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) 5. Antifungals a. fluconazole has greater efficacy against Aspergillus infections than voriconazole b. posaconazole is used as a prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections c. itraconazole inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes d. voriconazole is preferred to amphotericin B in pregnant patients with invasive fungal infections e. caspofungin is a fungal cell membrane synsthesis inhibitor BPharm IV Test 1 7th April 2015 6. Antiretrovirals a. tenofovir is associated with a higher incidence of lactic acidosis than stavudine b. the combination of emtricitabine and lamivudine is synergistic c. darunavir is contraindicated in patients with a previous history of anaphylaxis due to a sulphur-containing drug d. efavirenz is preferred over etravirine in patients with viral isolates with the K103N mutation e. atazanavir is preferred to lopinavir in patients with dyslipidemia 7. Antivirals a. ganciclovir is preferred to valaciclovir in the treatment of CMV retinitis b. oseltamivir is preferred to the annual influenza vaccine as prophylaxis against influenza c. higher doses of aciclovir are required for genital herpes than herpes encephalitis d. ribavrin is ineffective against RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) e. pegylated interferon is used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infections 8. β-Lactam antibiotics a. flucloxaxillin is β-lactamase sensitive b. co-amoxiclav is used in the treatment of urinary tract infections c. the half-life of penicillin G decreases with probenecid co-administration d. meropenem is used in the treatment of bacterial meningitis e. cefepime is preferred to cefadroxil in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections 9. Cell wall synthesis inhibitors a. vancomycin is administered orally to treat respiratory tract infections b. cefotaxime crosses the blood-brain-barrier c. in the treatment of urinary tract infections, metoclopramide increases the urinary levels of fosfomycin d. cefamandole decreases alcohol metabolism e. high doses of penicillin G increase the risk of seizures 10. Fluoroquinolones a. are used to treat toxoplasmosis b. alkanization of the urine increases the risk of ciprofloxacin crystalluria c. moxifloxacin prolongs the QTc interval d. increase the risk of seizures in patients with epilepsy e. are safe to use in growing children (< 18 years of age) BPharm IV Test 1 7th April 2015 11. Metronidazole a. is used in the treatment of acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis b. increases the risk of bleeding when co-administered with warfarin c. is given as a single agent to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease d. metabolism is increased when co-administered with cimetidine e. decreases the plasma concentration of lithium 12. Co-trimoxazole a. long-term use increases the risk of folic acid deficiency b. increases digoxin plasma levels when used concurrently c. increases the conversion of vitamin K into the active form in the intestine d. is contraindicated in G6PD deficiency e. is safe to use during the last month of pregnancy 13. Folic acid synthesis inhibitors a. silver sulfadiazine is used orally to treat burn wounds b. trimethoprim is excreted in the urine c. sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydrofolate reductase d. sulfacetamide is used topically for the treatment of conjunctivitis e. the concurrent use of sulfamethoxazole and glibenclamide increases the risk of hypoglycaemia 14. Nitrofurantoin a. absorption is decreased by food b. is used in the treatment of bacterial meningitis c. inhibits folic acid synthesis d. is contraindicated after 38 weeks of gestation e. long-term use increases the risk of lung fibrosis 15. Aminoglycosides a. gentamicin is used to treat Staphylococcus aureus infections b. streptomycin is ototoxic c. are safe to use in patients with myasthenia gravis d. are used to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections e. the elimination half-life of gentamicin is decreased in patients with renal impairment BPharm IV Test 1 7th April 2015 16. Antibiotics a. telithromycin increases the risk of bleeding when given concurrently with warfarin b. tigecycline is safe to use in young children ( 95% is excreted unchanged in the urine BPharm IV Test 1 7th April 2015