Blood Tissue PDF

Blood Tissue Assoc. Prof. Nadya Penkova, MD, PhD Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Medical University - Plovdiv 1  Blood Tissue ❖ Blood is a basic type of tissue ❖ Quantity: 4 – 6 l 7% - 8%...

Blood Tissue Assoc. Prof. Nadya Penkova, MD, PhD Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Medical University - Plovdiv 1  Blood Tissue ❖ Blood is a basic type of tissue ❖ Quantity: 4 – 6 l 7% - 8% of total body weight. ❖ Blood consists of two main elements: cells plasma - fluid extracellular component 2  Blood Tissue І. Blood cells: 1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 2. Leukocytes (white blood cells) 3. Thrombocytes (blood platelets) II. Fluid extracellular component: Blood plasma 3  Blood Tissue ❖Localization: Blood vessels Hematopoietic organs 4  Blood Tissue ❖Functions: Metabolism Water-salt exchange Transport of nutrients and metabolic products Respiratory function Transport of oxygen O2 and carbon dioxide CO2 between the air in the alveoli and tissue cells (function of the erythrocytes) 5  Blood Tissue ❖Functions: Protective function Participation of the white blood cells leukocytes in the immune defense Regulation of processes in the body through: Transport of hormones, growth factors and other active substances Thermoregulation Blood clotting Formation of dense bodies (thrombi) in case of rupture of a blood vessel ✓ function of thrombocytes (Thr, platelets) and plasma proteins 6  Blood Tissue ❖Embryonic origin Mesenchyme (fourth embryonic layer) 7  Erythrocytes Red blood cells, Er, RBCs ❖ Respiratory function transport of O2 and CO2 8  Erythrocytes A normal Er count: Men 4,5. 10¹²/L to 5,8. 10¹²/L Women 4,2. 10¹²/L to 5,4. 10¹²/L Increased number of Er – erythrocytosis Decreased number of Er - erythropenia The lifespan in men - 140 days In women – 110 days Old Er are broken down in the spleen, liver - erythroclasis 9  Erythrocytes d:7-8µm shape:biconcave disk Anucleate cells – cells without a nucleus Remains of organelles The cytoplasm is full of hemoglobin 10  Erythrocytes ❖ Erythrocyte cytoplasm lacks all organelles but is densely filled with hemoglobin Hemoglobin ✓complex protein 4 polypeptide chains of globin each globin has a Heme with iron-containing portion ❖ Iron binds reversibly with O2 or CO2 11  Leukocytes White blood cells Leukocytes, Leu, WBCs leucos – white 12  Leukocytes Leukocytes circulate in the blood but perform their function outside the blood vessels. With the help of pseudopodia, through the process of diapedesis, they pass through the capillary wall. 13  Leukocytes A normal Leu count: 4-10х10⁹/L Increased number – leukocytosis Decreased number - leukopenia 14  Leukocytes ❖Types of Leu when stained by the Giemsa method Granulocytes Agranulocytes 15  Leukocytes І. Granulocytes ✓ with specific granules in the cytoplasm 1. Neutrophils - Neu 2. Eosinophils - Eo 3. Basophils – Ba ІІ. Аgranulocytes ✓ without specific granules in the cytoplasm 1. Lymphocytes - Ly 2. Monocytes – Mo 16  COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT CBC CBC shows the percentage ratio of leukocytes in the blood. CBC can show unusual increases or decreases in cell number. Those changes might point to a medical condition that needs for more testing. 17 COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT CBC Cells % Neu 55 – 65 Ео 1–4 Ba 0,5 – 1 Mo 4–8 Ly 25 – 35 18  COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT CBC ❖ CBC is a common blood test done for many reasons: To look at overall health. CBC can be part of a medical exam to check general health and to look for conditions, such as anemia or leukemia. To diagnose a medical condition. CBC can help find the cause of symptoms such as weakness, fatigue and fever. It also can help find the cause of pain, bruising, or bleeding. To check on a medical condition. CBC can help keep an eye on conditions that affect blood cell counts such as inflammatory diseases. To check on medical treatment. CBC may be used to keep an eye on treatment with drugs that affect blood cells. 19 ❖ CBC The test is performed by manual cell count under a light microscope or automated blood cell counter. 20 Granulocytes 21  Neutrophils Neu ❖ d: 12-15µm ❖ 55-65% in CBC ❖ Polymorphonuclear neutrophils the nucleus is divided into 3 to 5 lobes linked by thin nuclear extensions 22  Neutrophils ❖ There are two types of granules in the cytoplasm: Non-specific granules (azurophilic) ✓ they are lysosomes ✓ contain enzymes - acid phosphatases, peroxidases Specific granules ✓ contain substances that kill bacteria - antibacterial peptides and enzymes: lactoferrin, lysozyme, cytokines… 23  Neutrophils ❖ Microphages possibility of phagocytosis The specific granule fuses with the phagosome. Antibacterial substances are activated and kill bacteria. Then the non-specific granule, lysosome is also 24 merged and enzymes in it break down the bacteria.  Neutrophils ❖ Protective function ❖ Their number increases with bacterial infections ❖ Neutrophilia - increased number in CBC ✓ more than 65% 25  Basophils ❖ d: 12-15µm ❖ 0,5 - 1% in CBC (difficult to find in normal blood) ❖ Nucleus irregular shape ❖ Cytoplasm non-specific granules (lysosomes) specific granules 26  Basophils ❖ Large specific granules ✓ with Giemsa stain: basophilia ✓ with hematoxylin-eosin stain: metachromasia 27  Basophils ❖ Large specific granules with: Serotonin – activates the production of inflammatory mediators Histamine – increases capillary permeability (formation of edema) Heparin – anticoagulant (prevention blood clots) ❖ In connective tissue, these cells are called Mast cells 28  Basophils ❖ Basophilia - increased number in CBC ❖ Functions of basophils: ✓ modulate inflammatory processes ✓ release of histamine during allergy which causes edema 29  Eosinophils Ео ❖ d: 17µm ❖ 1-4% in CBC ❖ Nucleus two lobes it looks like a telephone handset ❖ Cytoplasm non-specific granules (lysosomes) specific granules 30  Eosinophils ❖ Specific granules Large, elongated ✓ strongly eosinophilic They contain: ✓ antihistamines ✓ cytokines ✓ peroxidase 31  Eosinophils ❖ On an electron microscope eosinophils show the specific granules with crystals. 32  Eosinophils ❖ The number of Eo increases at: allergic reactions parasitosis, parasitic disease ▪ helminthic infections (echinococcosis – canine tapeworm) ❖ Eosinophilia ❖ The number of Eo decreases at: measles and typhus immunosuppressive therapy ❖ Eosinopenia 33 Agranulocytes 34  Lymphocytes Ly ❖ Depending on the dimensions: Small: 6-8 μм Medium: 8-12 μм large: 12-18 μм 35  Lymphocytes Ovel shape Nucleus ✓ eccentric ✓ heterochromatin forms radially lamellae as 'wheel spokes' Cytoplasm ✓ small amount of cytoplasm ✓ strongly basophilic with rER 36 ❖ Immunocompetent cells: Lymphocytes В- Ly Т- Ly ❖ В- Ly Humoral immunity Activated ✓ plasma cells, Pl ✓ synthesis of antibodies, Ig ❖ Т- Ly Cell-mediated immunity ✓ T-killers ✓ T-helpers ✓ T-suppressors 37  Monocytes Мо ❖ d: 20µm ❖ 4 - 8% in CBC ❖ Nucleus Kidney-shaped ❖ Cytoplasm light blue color «cigarette smoke» a large number of lysosomes, vacuoles ❖ Plasmalemma with microvilli, pseudopodia 38  Monocytes ❖ In the connective tissue – macrophages ❖ Protective functions: phagocytosis of bacteria, viruses antigen-presenting cells – unlock, initiate immune reactions 39 Thrombocytes Platelets 40  Thrombocytes, Platelets (Thr) Number: 20 - 40.10⁹/l Increased number – thrombocytosis Decreased number – thrombocytopenia 41  Thrombocytes, Platelets ❖ d: 3 – 4 µm ❖ They are parts of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow ❖ Elements: chromomerе - central, dark zone hyalomerе – peripheral, light zone 42  Platelets ❖ Chromomer, granulomer remains of organelles glycogen granules granules with platelet factors ✓ from α- to λ- granules α-granules ✓ platelet clotting factors β-granules ✓ serotonin and other platelet aggregation substances λ-granules ✓ lysosomes 43  Platelets Platelets are involved in the blood clotting process. When the blood vessel wall is torn, Thr accumulates at that site. Thrombokinase enzyme is released from their granules. It activates blood clotting processes. Fibrinogen dissolved in the blood plasma is converted into fibrin fibrils. Fibrin forms a network in which blood cells are trapped. A thrombus is formed. This thrombus blocks the lumen of the vessel and stops the bleeding. 44 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! 45