Biopsychology Review Final Exam 2024 PDF

Biopsychology: Review for Final Exam Cumulative Portion The current material builds on previous material; therefore, the final exam will be cumulative. Review your previous material, with an eye for connections between concepts. Consider how we have moved from studying a single cell (e.g., the...

Biopsychology: Review for Final Exam Cumulative Portion The current material builds on previous material; therefore, the final exam will be cumulative. Review your previous material, with an eye for connections between concepts. Consider how we have moved from studying a single cell (e.g., the neuron) to studying structures (e.g., the hippocampus) to studying systems (e.g., the limbic system) to studying behavior. How do these exhibit bi-directional relationships along the way? Fat Cells & Leptin What is leptin? Why is it important? What determines the levels of leptin in a person’s body? o converts androgens into estrogens Emotions Why is there debate about whether emotions are behaviors or feelings? o there is a debate because What are the three ways that we infer (measure) emotions? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each? o physiology ▪ strengths: o behavior and expressions o reported internal experience How does physiology reveal emotions? Does each emotion have a unique physiological response? o How do lie detectors work? What is the rationale behind the strategies used to “beat” a lie detector test? Are facial patterns and expressiveness culturally dependent? What evidence supports the notion that facial expressions are innate? Why does making a facial pattern sometimes help you recognize the emotion that it matches? What are the major problems with self-report of emotions? What is the best way to measure emotions? History of Emotion Study What is the James-Lange Theory? When was it developed? Is there any modern evidence to support it? o emotions is a result of behavior What is the Canon-Bard Theory? How is it different from the James-Lange Theory? o emotions and behavior respond at the same time Trace the path of emotions according to Canon-Bard. o Are arousal and thoughts truly distinct from one another? o No What is the Schachter-Singer Theory? What are the two factors that lead to emotions in this theory? o physical reactions and our appraisals create emotions called the two-factor theory What is the current theory of emotion? o brain = fight or flight Why do different species exhibit different levels of emotions? Which part of the nervous system is responsible for each level of emotion? o What does it mean to say that “cognition and emotion are intertwined”? Why is the limbic system tightly connected to the cortex? Is this true for all animals? o no because Gender and Emotions Know the three gender differences we discussed in class. o girls are better at reading faces o girls get upset at emotionless faces o girls can hear emotion in voices better than boys except anger Lateralization of Emotions What is the Wada test? o measuring emotions What emotions are associated with left hemisphere functioning? How does this relate to depression? What other behaviors are associated with the left hemisphere? o positive emotions: laughter or indifference What emotions are associated with right hemisphere functioning? Why is the right hemisphere known as the “emotional hemisphere”? Does physiology support the stereotype of the “brooding artist”? o negative emotions: Chemicals & Emotions How do neurotransmitters help create emotions? What are the roles of serotonin and dopamine? How are their effects related to the location of their activity in the brain? o serotonin is associated with aggression and depression o dopamine is associated with aggression How do estrogen and testosterone influence emotions? (This question relates to previous material.) What is oxytocin? What did animal research reveal about this chemical? o the love hormone and promotes lactation o taking away some of the oxytocin levels in rat moms will lead them to give birth and leave their pups How does human research with oxytocin illustrate the notion that behavior and emotions are intertwined? o How can being physically intimate with someone convince you that the person is trustworthy and you are in love with him/her? o it can convince you because oxytocin convinces you to trust more especially a woman to trust a man more than a man trusting a woman Learning & Memory How are learning and memory related? How do they look in the brain, and which is the simpler of the two processes? Learning forms new connections in the brain. What does this mean? Where is memory located in the cortex? How is memory stored? Why is it so malleable? How is the human cortex different from other species? What type of memory is stored in the cerebellum? Where is the cerebellum? What is the job of the hippocampus in terms of memory? How quickly does it develop and deteriorate with age? What disorders are associated with a smaller hippocampus? What is the role of the amygdala in emotional memories? What is good and bad about the fact that we store emotional memories in a more powerful way than non-emotional memories? Language Researchers have long speculated on what separates humans from other animals. What are some of the previous ideas? What is our current thinking? How must language be defined in order to see it as the dividing line between humans and other animals? What are syntax and symbolism? What brain areas are needed for language? How does lateralization relate to language ability? Which comes first – the ability to understand or produce language? Are there gender differences in language? What are they and how does context influence these differences? How does language influence the way we think? What cognitive abilities do we see across species and which unique abilities are tied to the use of language? What is displacement? What might be the downside of having the cognitive abilities brought about by language use? Humans vs. Other Species What are the requirements for language? What animals are skilled at producing language? Does production equal comprehension? What evidence exists that animals can comprehend language? What are the weaknesses of these studies?  What are your opinions about human vs. other animal cognition? Are humans unique or not? Are we the “smartest”? You are welcome to form your own opinion, but be able to support it with information from class!