Biology - Unit 3 - Macromolecules PDF
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This document provides information about macromolecules in biology. It covers topics like monomers, polymers, synthesis, digestion, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, and presents various aspects of the subject, including diagrams and illustrative examples.
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Biology - Unit 3. - Macromolecules Monomer, polymer & digestive, synthesis: Monomer: Small molecules that are building blocks of larger molecules o Turn into a polymer by chemical bond Polymer: Made of many monomers joined together Synthesis: When monomer turn into...
Biology - Unit 3. - Macromolecules Monomer, polymer & digestive, synthesis: Monomer: Small molecules that are building blocks of larger molecules o Turn into a polymer by chemical bond Polymer: Made of many monomers joined together Synthesis: When monomer turn into polymer by forming chemical bonds o Some of these simple molecules are used for energy, while others are used as building blocks for body parts Digestion: When polymer’s chemical bonds are broken into monomers o Digestive system: When large complex polymers from our food are broken down to simple monomers Macromolecules - Proteins (Amino acids) - Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides) - Lipids (None, fatty acids) - Nucleic acids (Nucleotides) Protein: o One protein is responsible for one chemical reaction o If we don’t eat enough protein --> die o Study them using four levels: ▪ Primary structure (amino acids structure, specific order of amino acids) ▪ Secondary structure (alpha helix, b-plated sheets) ▪ Tertiary structure (interactions between the R groups, or side chains, of the amino acids, 3D folding of a polypeptide.) ▪ Quaternary structure Fiber = made us of fibrils Fibrils = made from individual strands (weak) Eat fiber = eat cellulous Cellulous = exists on cell walls (we cannot digest cellulous, but it lines up on our intestines, and help digest other foods) Protein: everything except energy storage, if our body starves, it starts to eat our protein The most essential nutrients are glucose, we cannot build glucose, eat carbohydrates Enzymes - Speeds up chemical reactions - Made out of proteins Amino Acids: Monomers of protein Have amino group Amino acids have a special R group Contains hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon Cell combines amino acids to make a new protein May have alpha helix, or beta sheet All proteins are made out of 20 amino acids: Essential (our body cannot build it, eat), Peptide bond= when 2 amino acids combine (bond) o Forms when a carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another amino acid, releasing a molecule of water. Polypeptide bond = when many amino acids bond together Protein levels: - Primary = peptide chain, by identifying the sequence of amino acid - Secondary = part of the chain, Tertiary = describe 3-dimension shape Quintenary = when all put together Many proteins are made out of many chains Hemoglobin = most important protein, transfer blood cells, made up of many chains Curling or straightening = Destroy keratin’s (protein that makes hair) - Denaturant o Not permanent: after sometimes protein becomes back o Permanent: Cook – breaks hydrogen bonds permanently Stomach = contains enzyme that breaks down protein Elasticity = cheeks are elastic, contains protein that makes it elastic Carbohydrates: Carbohydrate = sugar Macromolecules Organic compounds / biological molecules Contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Main source of energy for living organisms Structural roles in cells (cell walls) Starch = way plant stores glucose Types of Carbohydrates: - Monosaccharides o Simple sugar, monomers of carbohydrates o Several different monomers, Glucose (for energy), fructose, galactose (needs a special protein, lactose, to break down galactose, other animals lose the enzymes needed to break it down when they grow up. o All the glucose our body doesn’t eat/digest --> fat o Formula: C6 H12 C16 o Providing energy, and join together to form carbohydrate molecules Glucose = 6 carbon structure. Fructose = 5 carbon structure - Disaccharides o Formed by two monosaccharides through dehydration ▪ Dehydration is the process when two monosaccharides form a disaccharide with a glycosidic bond, and the release of a water molecule ▪ Hydrolysis breaks down disaccharides to monosaccharides o Starch: the way plant stores sugar o Glycogen: the way we store sugar for everyday use ▪ Our muscles uses the most energy, then brain o Glucose: goes into cell, but runs out in an hour, creating glycogen, which breaks down throughout. They can be transformed into many polysaccharides. Every single organic molecule is made of glucose. o the day, to gain energy o Cellulose: build up fiber and provide strength - Polysaccharides o Good source of energy because they consist of many monosaccharides o When the polysaccharides are broken down, through hydrolysis, energy is released. o Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds o Starch = branched polysaccharides, storage molecule for plant cell ▪ Amylopectin ▪ Amylose - Isomer o Compounds with the same chemical formula, but have different sequences/arrangements o Glucose has two different sequences (can be linked differently) ! ! ! Numbering carbons: Start with the carbon right to the oxygen, rotate clockwise Lipids (Fats): - Lipids have no monomers, they are not polymer - Fatty acid: Long term storage of energy, absorbs from shocks - Once burn carbs, lipids are used (long term storage of energy Triglyceride - do not want to touch water, hydrophilic - Contains hydrogen and carbon - Cell wall, cell membrane Phisphophilids - Type of lipids - Contains nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen - Building block of cell membrane Steroids - regulate processes in the body like growth and development - Carbon atoms arranged in rings - Contains carbon and hydrogen Cholesterol: build fat as insulation protection - Rectangle with 3 long stuffs coming out - Nucleic Acids: - Crucial for the inheritance of traits - Found in all living organisms - Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. DNA o Deoxyribonucleic acid. o Only have D sugar o Possible bases: A, G, T, C o Found in the cell nucleus, and contains all of an organism's genetic information, which determines traits and helps the body function by providing instructions for making proteins. o double-stranded structure resembles a twisted ladder, or a double helix o DNA can copy itself, move from our organisms to the next RNA o ribonucleic acid. o Takes instructions from DNA and helps to carry them from the nucleus to other parts of the cell. o Only have R sugar o Found in and out of the cell nucleus o Single stranded Nucleotides = monomers of nucleic acids, made out phosphate, sugar, and base Structure - Circle + 5-carbon sugar+ Two rings - Phosphate group + Deoxy ride + Nitrogen base