Bio Chapter 1 Exam Review PDF

Highlighted stuff will show up on your test a lot! Use your textbook to answer these questions, and try to expand on each question, not just a direct answer. If you complete this entire study guide and memorize it, you will more than likely get an A. G...

Highlighted stuff will show up on your test a lot! Use your textbook to answer these questions, and try to expand on each question, not just a direct answer. If you complete this entire study guide and memorize it, you will more than likely get an A. Good luck! Chapter 1 What are the basic characteristics of life? Cellularorganzathasemgyuzatnakeeneg it to per form tasks conditions What are the steps of scientific research What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis? Hypothesis : an educated guess that explains1 o r more observations Interconnected concepts Supported Scientific Theory : by reasoning What is Darwinism? describes how organisms have changed ove r time and acquired a diversity of new forms The term used to biological evolution. Explains and describe What did Charles Darwin write about in his books: On the Origin of Species The Voyage of the Beagle On Natural Selection What was the human genome project? International research project the goal of determing the base p ai rs that m a ke up human DNA What is descriptive science? Observing recording describing , , , classifying Chapter 2 What is matter? has mass and substanceI n the universe that any occupies space composed of atoms all matter is What is the difference between atoms, molecules, protons, electrons, neutrons, isotopes, and negativechargeeatals) of element that contains all the characteristics Electrons lons Atoms : smallest unit atoms that ions? : an : don't have the s a m e of protonsa electrons of 2 or more atoms -cation more aro than elect group molecule : A Chemical behavior , (1) due to + of electrons is # configuration an ion Protons the center atom (nucleus) neutron m o re elect than : at of an : no charge , pro () # of protons is atomic # in nucleus positive charge What is the difference between polymers, isomers, or monomers? · What is the difference between a reduction and oxidation reaction? oxidation & Reduction happenw Redox : The gain/loss of an electron oxidation : loss of a n electron Reduction : gain of an electron What are the different types of chemical bonds and what do they mean? opposite atoms attrac t each other Ionic The glain/loss of electrons form Covalent whenatomsshare ormorepattagea ions Hydrogen 2 atoms It sharing a electrons 2 t h a t BothS h a re atoms Double bonds Double covalent 2 atoms t h a t s h are 2 pairs of electrons Triple covalent 2 atoms that Share 3 electrons * pH = power of What is the difference between an acid, base, and buffer? that hydrogen And : any substance dissociates water to increase the hydrogen in con concentration - In turn lowers the PH , - The stronger the acid , the m o re hydrogen lons+ lower PH Base Substance : t h at combines W It dissolved into wa te r and lowers At Buffers : substance that resists changes in pH by : cons when base is added releasing hydrogen absorbing hydrogeni o n s when acid is added  How do you determine the atomic mass of an element from its structure? Atomic mass = Protons + neutrons How do you determine the number of neutrons/electrons/protons from the atomic mass and number? Where do electrons reside? In the orbitals (rings around the nucleus) How do you predict an atom's ionic form? Its position on t h e Periodic table to attracted to another atom a stray unpaird electron can be predicted be What substance allowed molecules to interact to form complex molecules and why? (You need to know everything about this substance, specifically what bonds it can form, what its pH is, its unique properties, the vaporization, and its solvent properties) allows molecules. Its polarity allows for hydrogen bonds 100c 212 Fo Water. Water which which allows l o n othera s properties ispolar unique - water evaporates at - polar molecules to disolve in water - high heat capacity + polar molecules - Polarity wa te r disolves lons Water form Hydrogen b o n d s pure wa te r has Can PH of 7 essa a - What is polarity? What is a nonpolar vs polar molecule? polarity is the distribution of electro charge ove r the a ro m atoms liking for electrons nonpolar : equal sharing of electrons Electronegativity : an Polar : unequal sharing of electrons What is the rate of a reaction? How is it altered? The speed a t which a chemical reaction takes place It can be temperature increased by and catalysts What is the difference between an organic and inorganic molecule? organic molecules contain primarily CO , H, N Inorganic molecules lack a carbon-hydrogen bond carbon compounds of a re organic compounds What’s the difference between adhesion, cohesion, and solubility? attracted ions 5 polar Adhesion water objects solubility polar water molecules are to sticking to other : polar : these compounds soluble cohesion water itself compounds , making sticking to : Chapter 3 What are functional groups? A molecular group attatched to a hydrocarbon hydroxyl (-OH) Carboxylic acid (-coot) amno group (-NHL) , dratesWhat is the difference between chitin, starch, cellulose, and amylose? Chitlin modified glucose starch/glycogen Npolysaccharideo stara Amylose : glucose : Murphy : - st r u c t u r a l support · energy storage water cellulose : glucose - structural Support of plant cell wall What are the 4 classes of biological macromolecules and their structural units? What is their solubility in water like? What bonds are found in each of these macromolecules? What are the “ends” of each macromolecule? What atoms are found in each macromolecule? What is their in raycedeyeaPlaNonpolarbona Nucleic Acids Lipids Carbohydrates polarity like? - - = Nucleotides (DNA RNA) (staren cellulose chitin) , , glucose - , hydro : p la s m alchohol hydrophilic in water a Pour - hydrophobic fail (Non ~ -globular proteins a re solvable Phosphodieter bonds gycoboxy San - is Peptide bonds hydrophobic hydrogen bonds terminus - - aminot carboxyl - C, H , 0 molenes - C H, O , N, S - ends in 53 , What is the difference between a dehydration and hydrolysis reaction? dehydration : the removal of water (forms large molecules) hydrolysis The addition of water (breaks down : large molecules What are valence electrons? Valence the level electrons: # of electrons on outer most Know EVERYTHING about carbon (from the textbook) CarbonCanformUp covalentbondh energ hydroxyl and carboxyl a re - Both polar ble of the electro re l e a s e negativity of oxygen atoms - hydrocarbons a re non polar What are amino acids and how are they joined? ·bonarea They a re monomers of proteins synthesis through dehydration janed m They are What is the difference between a carboxyl group, amino group, carbonyl group, and hydroxyl group, sulfhydryl group, phosphate group, and methyl group? Phosphate metha Hydroxyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Amino sulthyaryl - - OH --N H - S - H  ThunderJoseph 1 ThunderJoseph 1 SCAT What are the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA? Den holdsfor Codinga a Pornes:Adenen,Guaneymine , urnum no Duncontains acids doxyros What is base pairing between pyrimidines and purines? paired to bond one purine is a puridine by a hydrogen What is the difference between a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide? What are disaccharide Polysaccharide the different types? monosaccharide Cong - - through dehydrationSynthesis monosacchar a a chainof 2 monosaccharides linked Simple Sugars used for transport & energy storage cannot be decomposed into smaller sucrose, lactuse , maltose plants : starch animals : glycogen sanupTag: What are triglycerides? Chat ↳ pdsycera satyad ea glycer , : no double carbon bonds unsaturated : one or mon double bonds What are phospholipids? Lipshospho glycero,fatiyada DI polar nece What is a polypeptide? of A molecule consisting many joined amino acids not usually as complex as a protein What are the differences between primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures? Primary secondary Tertiary Quaternary final fold ofglobularproteinene arrangementotndchainsin interac tion of groups in the SequenceofPeptide a prea backa polypeptide c h a i n sheet What is denaturation? What are peptide bonds? denaturation protein : loses its struc ture by unfolding and then its function peptide bonds : Amino acids joined by dehydration Synthesis What are the differences between cytosine, uracil, thymine, guanine, and adenine? porines : Adenienc , guanine Prymadines : Cytose , thymine , urnie What are the differences between glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, and galactose? They Sangos are all carbs Glucose Cutticoa maltose n ea trupseisastructuresomeofgo disaccharea eas a b linked together make i t polysaccharides (starches) What are enzymes? What are digestive enzymes? then linked creath a re together to Enzymes : biological catalysts that facilitate specific chemical reac tions digestive enzymes: Enzymes (proteins) t h at break down food into smaller molecules that are easier to absore GCAT What is base pairing in DNA and what are the rules? guanine - cytosine Adenine - Thymine What is a membrane? What are membrane-spanning domains? membrane : Thin wall that protects the interior of a cell from the outside enviornment membrane that spans t h e membrane spanning domain : a proten domain What is cystic fibrosis? What is denaturation? denaturation protein : loses its struc ture by unfolding and then its function What is the difference between hydrogenation and trans fatty acids? Hydrogenation : hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated fats specific unsaturated fa t caused by the process of hydrogenation acids a fatty : Trans What is the difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble? Fat soluble : substances that disolve in fats and a re stored in the bodys fatty tissue : disolve water but arent stored WaterS o l u b l e in What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer? Polymersambroken into monra monomer : Small , similarSubunits linked monomers Polymer : What are the differences between ATP, ADP, FAD, and NAD+? ATP : Primary energy currency of the cell Electron carriers for many cellular reactions NADO FAD :