BIO 201 Final Study Guide_SpringA_2024 PDF

BIO 201 Study Guide for Final, Module 4-7 Module 4: Integumentary System Ch. 6 1. Name the 3 main layers of the skin from the most superficial to deep. 2. What type of tissue is the epidermis composed of? 3. List the layers of the epidermis from the most superficia...

BIO 201 Study Guide for Final, Module 4-7 Module 4: Integumentary System Ch. 6 1. Name the 3 main layers of the skin from the most superficial to deep. 2. What type of tissue is the epidermis composed of? 3. List the layers of the epidermis from the most superficial to deep. 4. Name the cell type that produces keratin. 5. What type of molecule is keratin and what is its function in the integumentary system? 6. Compare and contrast thick versus thin skin. 7. Describe the location and function of melanocytes and melanin. 8. List the functions and components of the dermis. 9. List the functions and components of the hypodermis. 10. Be able to identify the arrector pili muscle on a diagram and state its function. 11. Compare and contrast eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. 12. Describe the location and function of sebaceous glands. 13. What are the functions of the Integumentary System? 14. How does the skin contribute to thermoregulation? 15. Name the vitamin produced by the skin and state its function. 16. Describe the layers of skin affected by the 3 types of burns. 17. Name and describe the 3 most common types of skin cancer and the layers of skin they arise from. 18. Describe the following disorders: pressure ulcers (bedsores), rickets, osteomalacia. Module 5: Nervous System Part 1 Ch. 13 Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Ch. 15 The Somatic Nervous System, reflexes and special senses (p.575-583, 594-615) 1. Describe the general function of the nervous system. 2. List the components of CNS. 3. List the components of PNS. 4. Define the function of the Somatic nervous system (SNS). 5. Define the function of the Autonomic nervous system (ANS). 6. Differentiate between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic motor divisions of the ANS. 7. Compare the functions of the afferent and efferent divisions of the nervous system and differentiate between motor/efferent, sensory/afferent and interneurons. 8. Name and describe the function of the parts of a neuron: body, dendrites, nucleus, axon hillock, axon, axon terminals, myelin sheath, neurofibril nodes (nodes of Ranvier). 9. What are the 3 ways neurons are classified by structure? What functions does each type usually perform? 10. Name and state the functions of the 4 types of neuroglial/glial cells of the CNS. 11. Name and state the functions of the 2 types of neuroglial/glial cells of the PNS. 12. Describe the resting membrane potential (RMP) of a neuron and why it’s important. 13. Define: a. Threshold b. depolarization c. repolarization (Hint: do not forget to include ions such as Na+ and K+ in your explanation) 14. List the steps of generating an action potential. 15. Describe the all-or-nothing principle of an action potential. 16. What is the difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons regarding an action potential? 17. Define demyelination, neurotransmitter, Guillain-Barré syndrome. 18. List the parts of a synapse and describe how communication happens between the pre and postsynaptic neurons there. 19. Name the most common neurotransmitter that depolarizes postsynaptic neurons. 20. Define: reflex. 21. Describe how a withdrawal reflex works. Include the following terms in your description: sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, spinal cord, skeletal muscle. 22. List the 5 special senses. 23. Know the location and function of these eye structures: a. Conjunctiva b. Lacrimal gland c. Fibrous layer: i. Sclera ii. Cornea d. Vascular layer: i. Choroid ii. Ciliary body 1. Lens iii. Iris 1. Pupil e. Neural layer i. Retina 1. Photoreceptors a. Cones i. Macula lutea ii. Fovea centralis b. Rods 2. Optic disc 3. Optic nerve f. Aqueous humor  g. Vitreous humor 24. Know the location and function of these ear structures: a. External ear i. Auricle ii. External auditory canal iii. tympanic membrane b. Middle ear i. Auditory ossicles 1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes ii. auditory tube c. Inner ear i. Cochlea ii. Vestibule iii. Semicircular canals iv. Vestibulocochlear nerve 1. Vestibular branch 2. Cochlear branch Module 6: Nervous System Part 2 Ch. 14 Anatomy of the Nervous system, brain and spinal cord Ch. 16 Autonomic Nervous System (p. 625-634) 25. Describe the composition of white matter and gray matter. 26. Define: nerve, tract, ganglion. 27. List and describe the 3 layers of meninges covering the brain and spinal cord from most superficial to deep. 28. Describe the location of the subarachnoid space and name the fluid present within. 29. Name the 4 ventricles of the brain in order from superior to inferior. 30. List the functions of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid). 31. Briefly describe CSF flow (production, circulation and drainage). 32. Know the location and function of these structures of the cerebrum a. Cerebral hemispheres b. Longitudinal fissure c. Corpus callosum d. Frontal lobe i. Prefrontal cortex ii. Broca’s area  iii. Precentral gyrus 1. Primary motor cortex e. Parietal lobe i. Postcentral gyrus 1. Primary somatosensory cortex f. Occipital lobe g. Temporal lobe i. Wernicke’s area h. Cerebral cortex i. Central sulcus 33. Know the location and function of these structures of the diencephalon: a. Thalamus b. Hypothalamus c. Epithalamus i. Pineal gland 34. Know the location of the 3 parts of the brainstem: a. Midbrain b. Pons c. Medulla oblongata 35. List the homeostatic processes controlled by the medulla oblongata. 36. Describe the location and function of the cerebellum. 37. Be able to label the parts of the spinal cord on an image or model and state the function of each structure: a. Anterior median fissure b. Posterior median sulcus c. Anterior, posterior and lateral gray horns d. Anterior, posterior, and lateral white columns e. Central canal f. Ventral (anterior) root g. Dorsal (posterior) root h. Dorsal root ganglion i. Spinal nerve 38. List the 12 cranial nerves and state their functions. 39. List the names of the spinal nerves and the number of pairs in each division. 40. What is a lumbar puncture? At what level of the spinal cord is it taken from and why? 41. What is the general function of the sympathetic nervous system? Give 3 examples of physiological changes in the body when under the influence of this system. 42. What is the general function of the parasympathetic nervous system? Give 3 examples of physiological changes in the body when under the influence of this system. 43. Explain what is meant by “dual innervation”. Does this apply to ALL organs in the body?  Module 7: Endocrine System Ch. 17 44. Describe the functions of the endocrine system. 45. Compare and contrast the functions of endocrine and nervous systems. 46. Define: hormone, endocrine gland, exocrine gland, target cell 47. List the primary endocrine glands of the body. Be able to identify them on a model or diagram. 48. Define and provide an example of each: steroid hormone, protein hormone, amine hormone. 49. What type of feedback loop is used to regulate most hormone levels in the body? Which hormone is the exception? 50. Which structure serves as a link between nervous and endocrine systems? 51. What two structures serve as the command center of the endocrine system? 52. State the functions of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system. 53. Describe the location and function of the following parts of the pituitary gland (hypophysis): anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), infundibulum. 54. Describe the function of the two hormones stored and secreted from the posterior pituitary. Name their target organs. 55. What are the two categories of hormones that the hypothalamus secretes to control the pituitary gland? 56. Name and describe the functions of the 6 anterior pituitary hormones. Name their target organs. 57. Name the 3 hormones made by the thyroid gland and the function of each. 58. What mineral is required by the thyroid gland to produce its hormones? 59. Name the hormone produced by the parathyroid glands, how the gland is stimulated and the function of the hormone. 60. Name the two hormones responsible for calcium balance in the blood. Which one is secreted when calcium levels are too low? Too high? 61. What are the hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla? 62. Define: corticoids, androgens. 63. Name the major mineralocorticoid, its target organ and function. 64. Name the major glucocorticoid, and its functions. 65. How is the adrenal medulla stimulated and what are the two hormones it releases? 66. Name the hormones that alpha and beta cells of the pancreas secrete and state their functions. 67. Name the hormone secreted by the testes and ovaries and state their functions. 68. Define: hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia. 69. What hormone is produced by the thymus and what is its function? 70. What happens during our lifetime to the thymus gland, how does it change with age? 71. Name the hormone secreted from the pineal gland and state its function. 72. Describe the following diseases/conditions: Hashimoto’s disease, Graves disease, diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and 2), diabetes insipidus, gigantism, acromegaly, Cushing’s disease, Addison’s disease.