Betty Neuman Systems Model PDF

BETTY NEUMAN SYSTEMS MODEL / HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL OVERVIEW The Neuman Systems Model is based on the patient’s relationship to stress, reaction to it, and reconstitution factors that are dynamic. It is universal in nature, which allows it to be adapted to a variety of situations,...

BETTY NEUMAN SYSTEMS MODEL / HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL OVERVIEW The Neuman Systems Model is based on the patient’s relationship to stress, reaction to it, and reconstitution factors that are dynamic. It is universal in nature, which allows it to be adapted to a variety of situations, and to be interpreted in many different ways. The central philosophy of Neuman’s nursing theory consists of energy resources that are surrounded by three things: o several lines of resistance, which represent the internal factors helping the patient fight against a stressor; o the normal line of defense, which represents the patient’s equilibrium; and o the flexible line of defense, which represents the dynamic nature that can rapidly change over a short time. In the Neuman Systems Model, the nurse’s role is to keep the system’s stability by using three levels of prevention. o The first is primary prevention, which protects the normal line and strengthens the flexible line of defense. o The secondary prevention is used to strengthen the internal lines of resistance, which reduces the reaction and increases resistance factors. o Finally, tertiary prevention readapts, stabilizes, and protects the patient’s return to wellness after treatment.  Stress reduction is a goal of system model of nursing practice. Nursing actions are in primary, secondary or tertiary level of prevention. To address the effects of stress and reactions to it on the development and maintenance of health. The concern of nursing is to prevent stress invasion, to protect the client’s basic structure and to obtain or maintain a maximum level of wellness. The nurse helps the client, through primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention modes, to adjust to environmental stressors and maintain client stability. System is invaded and the lines of resistance are activated System is described as moving into illness on a wellness-illness continuum. If adequate energy is available.. System will be reconstituted with the normal line of defense Restored = below, or above its previous level. SYSTEMS MODEL The aim of the Neuman model “is to set forth a structure that depicts the parts and subparts and their interrelationship for the whole of the client as a complete system” (Neuman, 2011, p. 12). CLIENT / CLIENT SYSTEM is conceptualized as: 1. Individual 2. Family 3. Group/aggregate 4. Community INTERACTING VARIABLES Neuman views the individual client holistically and considers the variables simultaneously and comprehensively. ▪ PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLE ▪ the structure and functions of the body. ▪ PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLE ▪ mental processes and relationships. ▪ SOCIOCULTURAL VARIABLE ▪ system functions that relate to social and cultural expectations and activities. ▪ DEVELOPMENTAL VARIABLE ▪ processes related to development over the lifespan. ▪ SPIRITUAL VARIABLE ▪ influence of spiritual beliefs. ENVIRONMENTS The environment is a vital arena that is germane to the system and its function. The environment may be viewed as all factors that affect and are affected by the system. ▪ INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. exists within the client system. All forces and interactive influences that are solely within boundaries of the client system make up this environment. ▪ EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. exists outside the client system. ▪ CREATED ENVIRONMENT. unconsciously developed and is used by the client to support protective coping. STRESSORS any phenomenon that might penetrate both the flexible and normal lines of defense, resulting in either a positive or negative outcome. ▪ INTRA-PERSONAL STRESSORS ▪ are those that occur within the client system boundary and correlate with the internal environment. ▪ INTER-PERSONAL STRESSORS ▪ occur outside the client system boundary, are proximal to the system, and have an impact on the system ▪ EXTRA-PERSONAL STRESSORS ▪ also occur outside the client system boundaries but are at a greater distance from the system that are interpersonal stressors. An example is social policy. ▪ When stressors break through the flexible line of defense ▪ Views the client as an open system that responds to stressors in the environment ▪ The usual level of health is identified as the normal line of defense that is protected by a flexible line of defense. CENTRAL CORE (core structure) Consist of basic survival factors normal temp range genetic structure response pattern organ strength/weakness ego structure FLEXIBLE LINE OF DEFENSE (FLD) ▪ Forms the outer boundary of the defined client system [individual/ family/ group/ community] (Neuman, 2002) ▪ Acts as a protective buffer system for the client’s normal line of defense or wellness state ▪ Prevents stressor invasion of the client system NORMAL LINE OF DEFENSE (NLD) ▪ The client / client system’s normal or usual wellness level ▪ This line represents what the client has become/evolved over time (Neuman, 2002) ▪ The NLD defines the stability and integrity of the client system, its ability to maintain stability and integrity ▪ This normal defense line is the standard against determining any variance from wellness LINES OF RESISTANCE (LOR) ▪ A protective mechanism that attempts to stabilize the client system and foster a return to the usual wellness ▪ LOR contain certain known and unknown internal and external resource factors that support the client’s basic structure and NLD (mobilize WBC, activate immune system mechanisms) ▪ Protection factors activated when stressors have penetrated the normal line of defense, causing a reaction symptomatology. OPTIMAL SYSTEM STABILITY ▪ Optimal wellness is the greater possible degree of system stability at a given point in time (Neuman, 2002). ▪ Optimal client system stability means the highest possible health condition achievable at given point in time (Neuman, 2002). VARIANCE FROM WELLNESS ▪ Varying degrees of system instability (Neuman, 2002). ▪ The difference from the normal or usual wellness condition (Neuman, 2002) ILLNESS ▪ Illness is a state of insufficiency with disrupting needs unsatisfied (Neuman,2002). ▪ Illness is an excessive expenditure of energy… when more energy is used by the system in its state of disorganization than is built and stored, the outcome may be death (Neuman, 2002). RECONSTITUTION ▪ Is the determined energy increase related to the degree of reaction to a stressor, and represents the return and maintenance of system stability following treatment for stressor reactions (Neuman, 2002) ▪ May be viewed as feedback from the input/output of secondary intervention ▪ Complete reconstitution may occur beyond the previously determined NLD or usual wellness state, may stabilize the system to a lower level, or return to the level of wellness prior to illness. PREVENTION AS INTERVENTION (basis for health promotion) ▪ Nursing is prevention as intervention encompass three dimensions: Primary Prevention Secondary Prevention Tertiary Prevention NEUMAN’S NURSING PROCESS In Neuman’s Systems Model nursing process, there are six steps, each with specific categories of data about the patient. First is the assessment of the patient, which looks at: actual and potential stressors; condition and strength of basic factors and energy sources; characteristics of flexible and normal lines of defense, lines of resistance, degree of reaction and potential for reconstitution; interaction between the patient and his or her environment; life process and coping factors for optimal wellness; and the perceptual difference between the care giver and the patient. Second, the nurse makes a diagnosis by interpreting the data collected. The data includes health- seeking behaviors, activity intolerance, ineffective coping, and ineffective thermoregulation. The third step in the nursing process is to set goals. The ultimate goal is to keep the client system stable. From the goals, a plan is created, which focuses on strengthening lines of defense and resistance. That plan is implemented using primary, secondary, and tertiary preventions. Finally, the nursing process is evaluated to determine whether or not balance was restored, and a stable state maintained. REFERENCES https://nursekey.com/systems-model/ https://nursekey.com/neuman-systems-model-in-nursing-practice/ https://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Betty-Neuman.php https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/neuman-systems-model.php https://www.neumansystemsmodel.org/