Basic Science Standard VIII 2015 PDF

BASIC SCIENCE Part - 1 Standard VIII Government of Kerala Department of Education State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT), KERALA 2015  The Nation...

BASIC SCIENCE Part - 1 Standard VIII Government of Kerala Department of Education State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT), KERALA 2015  The National Anthem Jana-gana-mana adhinayaka, jaya he Bharatha-bhagya-vidhata. Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha Dravida-Utkala-Banga Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga Uchchala-Jaladhi-taranga Tava subha name jage, Tava subha asisa mage, Gahe tava jaya gatha. Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he Bharatha-bhagya-vidhata. Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he! PLEDGE India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters. I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage. I shall always strive to be wor- thy of it. I shall give respect to my parents, teachers and all elders and treat everyone with courtesy. I pledge my devotion to my country and my people. In their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness. State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : [email protected] Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869 Typesetting and Layout : SCERT Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi - 30 © Department of Education, Government of Kerala Dear students, You were provided with opportunities to observe your surroundings and engage in simple experiments and investigative activities in earlier classes. The classroom experience, undoubtedly, might have helped you to record the information systematically and assimilate ideas through discussion and analysis. While understanding the scientific approach, there should also be the attitude to take forward the skills to apply them in day-to- day life. Moreover, an eco-friendly perspective must be adopted too. All these, through direct experiences, enquiry and understanding preferably. This textbook presents ideas in accordance with this. There are experiments, illustrations and explanatory details that enable the comprehension of these ideas. There are opportunities appropriate to the situation to make learning more enjoyable. Go ahead, thinking, asking questions, approaching ideas critically and quizzing with teachers and friends. Make learning a joyful experience. Regards, Dr. S. Raveendran Nair Director, SCERT  TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT TEAM Emerson F EXPERTS GGHS, Chavara, Kollam Prof. Sivasankara Pillai Satheesh R Head (Rtd.), Dept. of Physics, GHSS Anchal West, Kollam Women's College, Trivandrum Shajil U K Dr. S Mohanan GGHSS, Balussery, Kozhikode Reader & Head (Rtd.), Dept. of Physics, Nisar Ahamed M University College, Trivandrum GHSS Venjarammood, Trivandrum Paul P I Rasheed Odakkal Associate Prof., Dept. of Zoology, Mar Ivanios GVHSS Kondotti, Malappuram College, Trivandrum Vineesh T V GHS Chenad, Wayanad Dr. Alaudeen M Principal (Rtd.) Govt. College, Elerithattu P D Baby St. Antony's HSS, Mutholi, Pala Sebastian Lukose T J Gopalan N K Sel. Grade Lecturer (Rtd.), University College, HSA (Rtd.), KKMGVHSS Vadakara Trivandrum Unnikrishnan T I Dr. N Ratheesh Headmaster (Rtd.), AKKRHS for Boys, Asst. Professor, SN College, Kollam Kozhkode ENGLISH VERSION Pradeepkumar K V Moothedath HSS, Taliparamba, Kannur Dr. Sushil Kumar R Associate Professor of English, D B College, Premachandran K V GHSS Maniyoor, Vadakara, Kozhikode Sasthamcotta Sajikumar K G Dr. Saji Mathew GV & HSS for Girls, Manacaud, Trivandrum Asst. Professor, School of Letters, Sureshkumar K M G University AMHSS, Thirumala, Trivandrum Famila E R Babu Payyath HSST, GHSS, Karunagappally BPO, BRC, Kozhikode K Suresh Kumar Muhammed Abdul Nazar AMHSS, Thirumala, Trivandrum Master Trainer, IT @ School ARTISTS Santhoshkumar V G BYKVHSS, Valavanoor, Malappuram Musthajib E C Dr. Vishnu V S MMETHS, Melmuri Asst. Prof., College of Engineering, Trivandrum Noushad Vellalasseri Sadanandan C Ganapath AUPS, Keezhisseri Pantheerankave HSS, Kozhikode Muhammed Shameem Muhammed Rafi C VAUPS, Kavanoor Govt. Technical HS, Naruvambram, Kannur Lohithakshan K Shabu Ismail Assisi School for the Deaf, Malapparambu PMSAVHSS Chappanangadi, Malappuram Viswanathan P K T Manoj DDE Office, Malappuram CBHSS Vallikkunnu, Malappuram Hassan C C Academic Co-ordinator MMVHSS Parappil, Kozhikode Preethi K A Dr. Ancey Varughese SHS Mannarkadu, Palakkad Research Officer, SCERT 1. Life's Mysteries in Little Chambers......................... 07 2. Cell Clusters..................... 22 3. Let's Regain our Fields.... 35 4. Properties of Matter......... 53 5. Basic Constituents of Matter.............................. 68 6. Chemical Changes............ 80 7. Metals.............................. 91 8. Measurements and units..103 9. Motion............................117 10. Force...............................132 11. Magnetism......................145  Certain icons are used in this textbook for convenience For further reading (Evaluation not required) ICT possibilities for making concepts clear Significant learning outcomes Let us assess Extended activities The bell rang.. It is the Biology period now. Manu, the class leader, peeped out to the verandah and said, “Teacher is coming. She has something in her hand too”. It is her usual way. She always carries some materials in her hand. What is she bringing today? Everyone became anxious. When the teacher entered the class, Rahna said in a loud voice, “I know it. Isn’t it a microscope? And what is in your other hand, Madam?” “I’ll tell you……” The teacher placed the microscope on the table and gave the other materials to Meenu. “Madam, isn’t it the root of a plantain?”  “Well, don’t you know that the body of all organisms are made up of cells? Let's observe the cells in the root of plantain through this microscope. Don’t you remember having observed onion cells? Similarly arrangements should be made to observe the cells in the root of plantain. All required materials are there in this box. Who will do this?” “I’ll do Madam”, Manu came forward enthusiastically. He took the section of the root using a blade, placed it on a slide and observed it through the microscope... Nothing could be seen! Then he turned the knob of the microscope. Feeling disappointed he said, “No Teacher. Nothing is visible”. Why were Manu’s attempts a failure? Can you help him? For this, you must know how to operate a microscope and prepare materials for observation. Let's familiarise ourselves with the microscope. Observe the microscope with the help of your teacher and identify the following parts and their use. z Eyepiece z Knob z Objective lens z Stage and clip z Condenser z Mirror Fig. 1.1 Compound microscope 8 Basic Science VIII The function of a microscope is to magnify objects, isn’t it? Lenses are fixed in the microscope for this purpose. Name the parts where lenses are fixed. z z Microscopes in which more than one lens is used are called compound microscopes (Fig 1.1). Analyse the given description on the basis of indicators and note down your inferences in the science diary. Arrangement of light in a microscope In the microscope, the part fixed below the stage is to Magnification reflect light on the material to be observed. This power arrangement which is fixed in a metal ring has two planes, a plane mirror to reflect sunlight and a concave mirror to reflect artificial light. The lens in the condenser that is fixed on the lower side of the stage focuses light on the material to be observed. Diaphragm, a part of the condenser, helps to regulate the intensity of light. Indicators z Why is a mirror fixed in a microscope? The magnification power of z Why do we use a slide made of glass to place the objective lenses are marked material to be observed? as 10x and 45x. Such markings Have you understood the basic concepts of a microscope? can be seen in eyepiece too. Accuracy in using a microscope can be attained only The magnification power of a through practice. Learn to operate a microscope using the microscope is the result of multiplying the numbers seen permanent slides available in your science lab. in the objective lens and the Let's prepare the observation material eyepiece. Preparation of observation material requires much accuracy and patience. Observe the illustration that shows the stages for the preparation of the slide to observe plant cells. Then prepare a slide by taking the cross section of the root of plantain. Basic Science VIII 9  Preparation of observation material Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Put the material to be Take thin cross sections With a brush, shift the Put the thinnest and observed in the petridish of the material to be sections to a watch glass complete sections to a containing water to observed. containing water. watch glass containing prevent dehydration. stain. Stage 5 Stage 6 Stage 7 Stage 8 Add one or two drops of Wash the stained section Place a cover glass over Wipe out the excess glycerin to the slide to in clean water and place the material using a glycerin using tissue prevent drying up of the it in the glycerin on the needle in such a way that paper. material. slide. air bubbles do not pass. Illustration 1.1 Observe the slide you have prepared through a microscope. Try to understand the difference in the magnification when lenses 10x and 45x are used. Sample of practical recording 10x Aim : Fig. 1.2 45x Materials required : Recording the findings is as important as conducting Procedure : practicals in science. Record each stage of the experiment Observation : following the sample given, in your science diary. Inference : 10 Basic Science VIII Discovering the cell Science for Survival Robert Hooke was the first scientist who observed cells with the help of a simple microscope. He observed the section of cork through a microscope and called the tiny chambers seen in the section 'cell.' Gandhiji observing pathogens through a microscope (Sevagram Ashram – 1940) It was the invention of microscopes that enabled us to Cell observed by observe and study microscopic Robert Hooke Robert Hooke pathogens. This brought about drastic changes in the field of Fig. 1.3 medicine. Such instruments Study o f the cell is an extensive branch of science which enabled us to overcome the is rapidly developing nowadays. It is known as Cell limitations of vision and bring the diseases that the world dreaded, Biology. Remarkable findings that paved way for the under control. development of cell biology were made in the middle of nineteenth century. Milestones in the history of Cell Biology Robert Brown M.J.Schleiden Discovered the centre of Found out that the body the cell, and named it the of a plant is made up of nucleus. cells. 1831 1838 Theodor Schwann Rudolf Virchow Found out that the body Observed dividing cells and of an animal is made up inferred that new cells arise of cells. only from existing cells. 1839 1858 Basic Science VIII 11  Cell Theory The cell theory was formulated by M.J.Schleiden and Theodor Schwann summarizing the findings of various scientists. It puts forward two main concepts - 1. The body of all organisms is made up of cells. 2. Cells are the structural and functional units of organisms. What are the functions performed by cells? Observe the illustration. Resist foreign particles Functions of cells Release energy Synthesise from nutrients biomolecules The structure of a cell is complex enough to perform all these functions. There are specific parts to perform each physiological function inside the cell. Observe different parts of a plant cell. Nucleus Cell membrane Ribosome Golgi complex Endoplasmic Vacuole reticulum Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Chloroplast Cell wall Fig. 1.4 Plant cell 12 Basic Science VIII You are already familiar with the cell wall, the cell membrane (plasma membrane), the Protoplasm and cytoplasm, the nucleus etc. What are the cytoplasm other parts you observed in the figure? List All substances inside the cell membrane them. constitute the protoplasm. Cytoplasm $ $ $ is the part of the protoplasm excluding $ $ $ the nucleus. All factors required for life activities are present in the cytoplasm. To get more information, pictures etc., Cell organelles are the specific parts regarding cell – http://en:wikipedia.org/ wiki/cell_biology seen in the cytoplasm to perform physiological functions. Read the following information to know more about each cell organelle. Mitochondrion z Power house of the cell. Helps in the production and storage of energy. z Abundantly seen in the cells of liver, brain and muscles where energy requirement is high. Endoplasmic reticulum z The passage in the cell. Conduction of materials inside the cell takes place through this organelle. z Also known as cytoskeleton as it provides firmness and shape to the cell. Ribosome z Centre of protein synthesis in the cell. z Seen either attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm. Basic Science VIII 13  Vacuole z Covered by a characteristic membrane called tonoplast. z Stores water, salts, excretory materials etc. Vacuole Golgi complex z Collects cell secretions like enzymes, hormones, mucous etc., in small vesicles. z Seen in plenty in glandular cells. Complete the illustration given below related to different kinds of organelles. Vacuole x x x x Endoplasmic reticulum $ Power house. x x $ Seen in plenty in the liver, brain, muscles x x etc. Illustration 1.2 14 Basic Science VIII Stages of development The development of cell biology is the result of the growth in the field of research of microscopes. A compound microscope magnifies an object only 2000 times (maximum) its size. Electron microscopes utilize electrons instead of a light source (Fig 1.6). With the emergence of the electron microscope, which magnifies objects million times clearly we got a thorough understanding of microscopic cell organelles. Fig. 1.5 A microscope of the earlier times The history of the microscope is the best evidence showing how science enables the development of technology and how technology enables the development of science. It would be very interesting to collect information and pictures of various microscopes from the simple microscope that helped Robert Hooke to observe tiny chambers of life to the advanced microscope that enabled us to understand the secrets of life within those tiny chambers. Organise an exhibition including all the collections. Fig. 1.6 Electron microscope Nucleus – the regulatory centre of the cell Isn’t it necessary to control and coordinate innumerable life activities in the cells? The various proteins produced in the cell play a major role in regulating various activities in the cell. The synthesis of proteins is under the control of genes in the chromatin reticulum in the nucleus. Hence the nucleus is considered as the regulatory centre of the cell. Fig. 1.7 Observe the illustration 1.3. Nucleus Basic Science VIII 15  Nucleoplasm It is the fluid part of the nucleus. Nucleolus and chromatin Nucleolus reticulum are seen here. Nuclear membrane They are spherical bodies, It is a double layered that play a major role in the membrane that covers the synthesis of ribosomes. nucleus. Nuclear pore Nuclear pores are pores in Chromatin reticulum the nuclear membrane. They help in the conduction of They are seen as a network materials to and from the in the nucleoplasm. They nucleus. carry genes. Illustration 1.3 Have you understood the different parts of the nucleus and their functions? Now complete the table given below. Part Peculiarity Table 1.1 Prokaryotes and eukaryotes In the cells of bacteria, cyano bacteria and mycoplasma, no nucleus is seen. These organisms are called prokaryotes. But in the cells of amoeba, animals Isn't it surprising and plants, a well defined nucleus that cells exist even covered by membrane is seen. without a nucleus? These organisms are called eukaryotes. 16 Basic Science VIII Those who change colour and taste The colour and Biomembranes taste of fruits change when they ripen. What may be Didn't we see that the cell has a the reason for this ? membranous covering. This covering separates the cell from its adjacent cells. Not only the cell, but the nucleus and many of the cell organelles also have membranous covering. These biomembranes regulate the exchange of materials between cells and between cell organelles and cytoplasm. These membranes are called selectively permeable membranes as they allow only the essential materials to pass. Haven't you had such doubts? Can you Indicators guess the reason? z Plastids in the plant cells. Read the description below and check the z Pigments in the chromoplasts. validity of your guess. Discuss on the z Chromoplasts and sunlight. basis of indicators and record your z Change of colour and taste in fruits. inferences in the science diary. Plastids are the cell organelles that are exclusively found in plant cells. They are of three kinds namely chromoplast, chloroplast and leucoplast. You know that photosynthesis is performed by chloroplast. Chromoplasts impart colour to flowers and fruits. Xanthophyll (yellow), carotene (yellowish orange), anthocyanin (red, purple) etc., are certain pigments in the chromoplasts. Various ranges of these pigments impart different colours to various parts of the plant. Leucoplasts are plastids having no specific colour. Leucoplasts are seen in plenty in the cells where food materials are stored. As fruits ripen, chloroplasts change to chromoplasts. Starch is converted to sugar. This is the secret behind the change in the colour and taste of fruits. Basic Science VIII 17  Haven't you now learnt about cell organelles that perform different physiological functions in a plant cell? Observe the illustration showing various cell organelles in the animal cell. Cell membrane Nucleus Centrosome Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome Golgi complex Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Lysosome Centrosome Centrosome is the cell Fig. 1.8 Animal cell organelle that is found only in animal cells. The Compare the plant cell and the animal cell and complete the centrioles that play a illustration given below. major role in cell division are seen in the centrosome. Animal cell Plant cell Nucleus Cell membrane Lysosome............................................................. Cell wall Lysosome contains the Lysosome.......................................................................................................................... digestive enzymes that................. are required for the destruction of foreign substances entering the cell. It is seen in animal cells. Illustration 1.4 Prepare an illustration like this showing the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Though organisms show diversity in their external characters, their cells show resemblances in their structure and function. This unity at the micro level is a clear evidence of the interrelationship of organisms. 18 Basic Science VIII  Significant learning outcomes The learner can z identify and explain cell as the fundamental unit of life. z explain the milestones in the history of cell biology. z compare different cell organelles and their functions and explain their similarities and differences. z compare plant cell and animal cell and find out their similarities and differences. z take sections of plant parts and prepare slides. z handle microscopes accurately and precisely. Let us assess 1. Complete the concept map related to the structure of animal cells. Animal cell Plasma membrane Protoplasm Cytoplasm Nuclear membrane Ribosome Basic Science VIII 19  2. (i) Identify the parts A,B, C,D,E marked in the plant cell. E C D B A (ii) Write the function of the parts denoted by the letters given below. A B C (iii) In which part of the cell are genes found? Extended activities 1. Cell cake Nucleus Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex e Cell membran Mitochondrion Vacuole Chloroplast me Riboso Cell wall This is the cell cake. Shall we prepare a wonderful cake like this? What are the materials used? Discuss. Cereals, vegetables, woollen threads, beads..... Construct the model of a cell with your friends and exhibit it in the classroom. 20 Basic Science VIII 2. Anu's poem Many are my shapes, and Many are my sizes. Many are those made of me, the grass and worm, and your body too! Many are the tasks I undertake, Into many I multiply and grow. Not visible to the naked eye though I am, I am the basis of life! In all and there am I. Now tell me, who am I? Could you answer Anu's question? If yes, recite the poem with your friends rhythmically. Can't you write a story, a poem or a cartoon based on the topic 'Cell'? Prepare a magazine including the creative works of your friends. Basic Science VIII 21  All organs are made up of cells. But how different are the eyes, nose and tongue ! Did you notice Unnikuttan's doubt? What is your opinion?......................................................................................................... Are the same type of cells seen in all parts of the body? Analyse the illustration and description given below and write down the inferences in your science diary. Nerve cells Blood cells Bone cells Muscle cells Illustration 2.1 22 Basic Science VIII  Diversity among cells Each part of the human body is made up of millions of different kinds of cells. There are about 200 different kinds of cells like nerve cells, muscle cells, blood cells, bone cells etc., in the human body. What a wonder our body is! How do millions of such cells function effectively without getting messed up? Yes, the human body is indeed a wonder. The well-being of the human body depends on the systematic and regulated action of the cells. Similar cells function together in groups, not separately. Such clusters of cells are called tissues. Tissues Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common origin and perform specific functions. There are different kinds of tissues in multicellular organisms like plants and animals. The co- ordinated action of these tissues helps in performing different physiological functions effectively. Have you observed the muscle cell and nerve cell in Illustration 2.1? Though both are cells, they differ so much in appearance. What may be the reason for the differences? How do these differences influence the physiological functions? Conduct a discussion on the description given below on the basis of the indicators. Basic Science VIII 23  From a single cell ! Our body is developed from a single cell called zygote. The zygote undergoes continuous divisions and forms the foetus consisting cells of different shape, size and content. Foetal cells gradually attain change in structure and function. This process is known as cell differentiation. Nerve cells Bone cells Blood cells Zygote Muscle cells (undifferentiated cell) Foetal cells (partially differentiated cells) (completely differentiated cells) Nn{Xw 2.2 Illustration 2.2 Indicators z Formation of foetus. z Significance of cell differentiation. Write down the consolidaton of the discussion in the science diary. A giant leap in stem cell research What are these Science has succeeded in artificially stem cells? developing tissues from stem cells. A lot of Are they the cells research has gone into this achievement, which would become a milestone in the field within seeds? of medicine. Have you noticed Sneha's doubt about the newsclipping? What is the reason for the immense popularity gained by stem cells? Have a discussion on the description given below on the basis of the indicators. 24 Basic Science VIII  Stem cells Stem cells are specialized cells that can transform into any kind of cells. Stem cells undergo constant differentiation and get transformed into other kinds of cells. Stem cells can either get transformed into other cells through division or exist as such. When the cells in the tissues get destroyed, new cells develop from the stem cells. Stem cells are found in the bone marrow, skin, digestive tract etc. Nowadays, science can develop the desired type of cells from stem cells, in research centres, under specific laboratory conditions. It is expected that the research of stem cells can bring about miraculous changes in the treatment of Blood cancer, Blood vessels developed Diabetes, Parkinson disease etc., and also in the manufacture from the stem cells in blood. of artificial organs. Indicators z What are the peculiarities of stem cells when compared to other cells? z How is the destruction of cells in tissues compensated? z Why is stem cell research gaining importance? Record the consolidation of your discussion in the science dairy. Now let us read about the different types of animal tissues. Animal tissues Epithelial tissue z covers and protects the body. z lines the inner wall of the digestive tract. z performs functions such as protection, absorption and production of secretions. Nervous tissue z controls and coordinates physiological functions. z enables to respond identifying the changes inside and outside the body. Basic Science VIII 25  Muscular tissue z consists of cells that can contract and regain the original state. z enables the movement of the body. Connective tissue z either connects different tissues or acts as a support to them. Bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, blood etc., are various connective tissues. z Bone and cartilage provide support, protection and a definite shape to the body. z Fibrous tissue connects other tissues. Connective Tissues z Blood carries out the conduction of materials As the name suggests, connective and makes the body resistant to diseases. tissues bind other tissues together. Tendons that connect muscles to the Observe the slides of animal tissues through a bones, ligaments that connect bones together and fibrous tissues that hold microscope with the help of your teacher. Prepare the eyes and kidneys in the proper an illustration showing different types of tissues place are examples for connective and their functions. tissues. Bone and cartilage, that are How fast does this connective tissues help in movement tree grow! and provide shape, support and Why can't I grow strength to the body. Besides, they like it? cover and protect internal organs. Blood, the fluid tissue, also belongs to the group of connective tissues. Blood carries out various functions like transporting respiratory gases You too may have had such and nutrients, providing immunity doubt. etc. Is growth in plants and Connective tissues are the most animals alike? diverse and the largest in number Discuss. in our body. 26 Basic Science VIII Growth in plants is mainly centered at the tip of stems and roots. But, in animals, growth is not confined to any specific area. Why does growth in plants occur at specific areas? Find the answer by analysing the following description. Meristematic tissues Meristematic cells are specific cells seen at the tip of the stem and the root in plants. They undergo rapid division and this results in the growth of plants. Compare the figures of a meristematic cell and a mature cell. Find out the differences and complete the table. thick secondary wall primary wall comparatively large thin primary wall nucleus more cytoplasm Meristematic cell Mature cell Fig 2.1 Meristematic Mature Characteristics cells plant cells $ Relative size of the nucleus $ Thickness of the cell wall $ Quantity of cytoplasm Table 2.1 Different types of plant tissues are formed from meristematic cells. Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem etc., are Basic Science VIII 27  different types of plant tissues. Let's observe these tissues through a microscope. Observe the structure of a plant stem and prepare a note based on your observations. Identify the tissues observed with the help of Figure 2.2. collenchyma parenchyma sclerenchyma phloem xylem 10 x Fig. 2.2 45 x Structure of a plant stem Analyse the information given below and try to understand more about plant tissues. Plant tissues Parenchyma $ composed of cells with the simplest structure. $ seen in the soft parts of the plant. $ helps in photosynthesis and the storage of food. Collenchyma $ composed of cells that are thick only at the corners of the cell wall. $ provides flexibility and support to plant parts. Sclerenchyma $ composed of cells that are uniformly thick all over the cell wall. $ provides strength and support to plant parts. 28 Basic Science VIII  Vascular tissues The water and minerals absorbed by roots need to be transported to leaves and the food prepared in leaves need to be transported to different parts. The specialized tissues formed from peculiar cells to do this are called vascular tissues. They are called complex tissues because they are formed from different kinds of cells. The two types of complex tissues found in plants are xylem and phloem. Xylem $ tubes formed from elongated cells. $ transports water and minerals absorbed by the roots to the leaves. $ has thick cell walls and therefore provide support and strength to the plant. Phloem $ composed of tubular inter-connected cells. $ transports food synthesized in the leaves to various parts of the plant body. Xylem Phloem Fig 2.3 Now you have understood the different types of plant tissues and their characteristics. Complete the following worksheet based on the hints given below. A. transports food prepared in the leaves to various parts of the plant. B. transports water and minerals absorbed by the roots to the leaves. C. seen in the tender parts of the plant. D. only the corners of the cell walls are thick. E. cells that are uniformly thick allover the cell wall are seen. Basic Science VIII 29  A B Vascular tissues C Other plant tissues D E Cells combine to form tissues. What if tissues combine...? Write your response to this. Do tissues work together just as the cells do? Based on the indicators, analyse the illustration given below. Write your inferences in the science diary. Tissues Organs Nervous tissue Stomach Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Intestine Muscular tissue Digestive system Illustration 2.3 30 Basic Science VIII Indicators $ What are the functions performed by each tissue in the illustration? $ What are the important tissues that the stomach and the intestine are made up of? $ What is the function of the stomach? $ What is the function of the intestine? $ Is the function performed by an organ the same as the function of its constituent tissues? $ What is the advantage of organs with the same function working together as a system? Tissues combine to form organs. What would happen when organs combine? Discuss. $ Physiological functions are smoothly carried out by the combined action of many organs. Digestion is the process of the combined action of organs of the digestive system such as stomach, liver and intestine. Whether the functioning of the digestive system alone is sufficient to transport the nutrients produced by digestion, to different parts of the body? Discuss. $ Complete the following table by finding out the systems to which the organs listed in the table belong to: For more details and pictures of tissues Organs Organ system http://en.wikipedia.org/ Heart, blood vessels wiki/Tissue_(biology) Nose, trachea, lungs Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder Brain, nerves Table 2.2 No organ system can function independently. A given physiological activity can be completed only by the combined action of different organ systems. You have understood that cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs and organs combine to form organ systems. Discuss what happens when organ systems combine together. Basic Science VIII 31  Aren't you now convinced that an organism is a combination of different organ systems? An organism can survive only when these organ systems work in a coordinated way. As organ systems become complex, the structure of the body also becomes complex. The structure of higher order animals including human beings is complex, as it is formed by a combination of various organ systems. Do all organisms have an organ system? Community However unicellular organisms also exist on the earth? Discuss. Cell is the basic unit of life. Parts of the cell are formed of various Population substances. You might have learnt that all substances are basically formed of atoms. Observe the illustration which shows the levels of organisation from atom to Organism community. Prepare a note and record it in your science diary. Atom Organ system Molecule Organ Cell organelle Tissue Cell Illustration 2.4 A complex living body is formed by the continuous division and differentiation of cells. In organisms that belong to higher levels of organization, different types of tissues act complementarily to perform several complex physiological activities. Efficiency of the organisms increases with the variety of its tissues. Hope you have understood the importance of functioning together. Isn't it relevant in our social life too? 32 Basic Science VIII  Significant learning outcomes The learner can z identify and explain the formation of tissues from cells. z identify and explain the characteristics and functions of animal tissues. z list the characteristic features of meristematic cells. z identify and explain the formation of different types of cells from the zygote. z identify the structure of various plant tissues and list their functions. z identify and illustrate different levels of organization in organisms. Let us assess 1. Given below in the illustration are various tissues related to the structure of hand. A B C D Observe the illustration and write the alphabet suitable to each statement. z provides support, protection and shape:……… z covers the body parts : ……….. Basic Science VIII 33  z transports substances : ……… z helps to respond by recognizing changes: ………… 2. Which among the following statements is not related to tissues? a. different types of cells are seen. b. similar kinds of cells are seen. c. performs specific function. d. formed from different cells. 3. Which indicator helps to identify collenchyma when it is observed through a microscope. a. thin cell wall. b. uniformly thick cell wall. c. no nucleus in the cell. d. only the corners of the cells are thick. Extended activities 1. Arrange an exhibition showing pictures and descriptions of different types of cells. 2. Prepare a magazine specifying the importance, relevance and scope of stem cells. 34 Basic Science VIII  Food scarcity Food security Illustration 3.1 Didn’t you notice the illustration and the newspaper Loksabha passes Food report ? Security bill New Delhi :The Loksabha has passed What is the concept indicated by the illustration? the Food Security bill. The bill ensures the distribution of food grains at a lower Discuss it with your friends using the given rate. The bill has been legalized to distribute rice at a price of 3 rupees and indicators. Write your inferences in the science diary. wheat at 2 rupees per kilogram. reasons for the scarcity of food. role of science in solving the problem. relevance of food security. Basic Science VIII 35  For a prosperous future Food security is the situation that ensures sufficient food for everyone to lead a healthy life. It is necessary to ensure food security for a better and healthy society where there is no poverty or health issues due to lack of nutrition. Isn't rice our staple food? Examine the table given below related to the production of rice in Kerala. Analyse the information based on indicators and write the inference in the science diary. Rice production Year Area of land for Production Population Cultivation (in lakh tonnes) (in crores) (in lakh hectors) 1971 8.75 13.65 2.13 1991 5.5 10.6 2.91 2011 2.08 5.69 3.34 Courtesy : Janapatham Table 3.1 Indicators What were the changes that occurred in the area of agricultural fields from the year 1971 to 2011? What tendency could be observed in rice production and population growth during the period? Is this tendency desirable? Why? We have so far examined only the production of rice. The case is not different with other food items too. How is it that we have to depend on other states for fruits, vegetables, egg and meat? It is a challenge to ensure food security in a situation when cultivable land is decreasing. It is essential to recreate a culture of love for the soil and agriculture. Regaining lost cultivable land is also important. Only through a comprehensive approach can we reduce our excessive dependence on others for food. 36 Basic Science VIII Crises in the agricultural sector What are the obstacles faced by farmers today? cost of production crop loss lack of fall in space price environmental destruction and climate health issues change exploitation by middle men Fig 3.1 Prepare a note using the indicators in the picture and by adding more information. Don’t you think that many problems can be overcome if the approach to agriculture is made scientific? Let us examine the possibilities to overcome each issue. Discuss the description given below based on the indicators. Write your inferences in the science diary. Fertile soil, the basis of food security About 20 different elements are required for the proper growth of plants. They are known as essential elements. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur etc., are examples of essential elements. These elements are made naturally available in the soil through decomposition by microorganisms. Haven’t you learnt the advantages of growing leguminous plants in fields?Besides this,the fertility of the soil can be improved through the application of fertilizers too. The pH of the soil is also an important factor that influences the growth of the plants. The presence of elements in the soil and the pH value can be identified by soil testing. Organisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, termite, earthworm etc., help to increase soil fertility. Basic Science VIII 37  Indicators What is the role of microorganisms in ensuring the natural availability of elements in the soil? What is the need of testing the soil? Why does the application of fertilizers become essential for better crop yield? Farmers use different kinds of fertilizers in order to increase the fertility of the soil. You are familiar with different kinds of fertilizers such as chemical fertilizers, bio-fertilizers,green leaf manure etc. Now observe the picture below. What is a microbial fertilizer? Read the pamphlet Geethu got from the Agricultural Officer when she sought to clarify certain doubts. Microbes that provide fertilizers Microbial fertilizers are substances that contain microorganisms which help to increase the fertility of soil. The presence of microbes enables increase in the soil factors which are essential for plant growth. Bacteria like Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum and aquatic plants like Azolla can be used to increase nitrogen content in the soil. Things to be taken care of ensure the availability of biofertilizers in the soil. proper irrigation should be provided. chemical fertilizers or chemical pesticides should not be used. Microorganisms can exist in soil only if these precautions are taken. 38 Basic Science VIII What are the consequences of unscientific application of chemical fertilizers? Discuss on the basis of the following indicators. composition of soil microorganisms in soil health issues financial factors Organise an exhibition for creating awareness among farmers. To control pests Isn’t pest infestation yet another important problem faced by our farmers? People generally apply chemical pesticides to overcome this. Chemical pesticides destroy pests totally. But when the pests acquire resistance, the quantity of pesticides has to be increased. Excessive application of chemical pesticides causes many environmental and health issues. Now read this newspaper report. Cancer patient toll on the rise. Thiruvananthapuram :The wide use of chemical pesticides is suspected to be an important reason for the increase in the number of cancer affected persons. The presence of pesticides identified in even ground water has become a matter of great concern. In this situation, isn’t it important to adopt pest control measures that are not harmful to our health and nature? Basic Science VIII 39  Read the science excerpt given below. Modern technology Pests and their natural enemies and pests Have you ever thought of the tremendous increase of With the large scale production certain pests? The main reason for this is the fall in the of chemical fertilizers research in other areas of pest control number of organisms that prey on them. Predators, has not been encouraged parasites and pathogens of pests can be called natural adequately. Although it is enemies of pests. The service of these organisms may proved that pests can be be effectively utilized in agriculture. controlled by using ultrasonic sound waves, such technolo gies are not accessible to farmers. Another possibility of controlling the multiplication of pests is destroying the reproductive capacity of male pests using radiations. Devices like pheromone trap are becoming more widespread. The method employed here is Integrated Pest Management-IPM to attract and destroy insects using artificial substances The basic principle of Integrated Pest Management is that have a chemical nature not the destruction of pests totally. Instead it tries to similar to that of pheromone prevent the multiplication of pests and to limit their emitted by insects. Its demerit is that it is easily evaporated number without loss of crop. by heat and wind and This ecofriendly method ensures pest control without dissolved by water. However, disturbing the environment. This is done by reducing now, with the help of modern technology, it is possible to the use of chemical pesticides and encouraging the develop artificial pheromone application of biopesticides, natural enemies of pests, traps which are not exposed to mechanical pest control etc. any chemical and physical change. Measures of pest control that do not cause any harm to the environment are desirable. Let us list the advantages of Integrated Pest Management. x See ‘Keedaniyanthranamargangal’. x in School Resources in IT @ x School, Edubuntu. The high investment required for agriculture makes it uneconomic. The high cost of seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, makes the farmer a debtor. 40 Basic Science VIII The decline in the fertility of soil and the increase of pests compel peasants to use fertilizers and pesticides in greater quantities. The changing But though the excessive use of fertilizers and chemical perspective pesticides provide profit for a short period, gradually High yield seed varieties were the land may become barren. widely popularised as part of the It is in these circumstances that the concept of efforts to increase agricultural sustainable agriculture becomes relevant. Here the production, to meet the demands method adopted is to reduce the use of fertilizers and of the increasing population. This was accompanied by wide pesticides and to make one's decaying matter a manure use of fertilizers and pesticides. for another. Diverse crops are seen in the fields In this practice, since the seeds adopting this method. No waste remains. By giving and fertilizers are brought from importance to the cultivation of food crops, market outside to the agricultural field, dependency and price hike can be reduced. this method may be called HEIA Conservation of biodiversity also becomes possible by (High External Input Agriculture). cultivating native varieties of crops. However, this method was Waste management and sustainable agriculture criticized for its heavy expense and its adverse effect on health One of the main problems faced by modern society is and environment. Gradually, the disposal of organic waste. Will sustainable LEISA (Low External Input agriculture be an answer for this? Discuss with the Sustainable Agriculture) began to help of the given indicators and write you conclusions receive wide recognition. LEISA in the science diary. emphasises the perspective that composting only agriculture with minimum use of external materials can be biogas production sustainable. This method allows fodder production the use of fertilizers and poultry fodder pesticides in limited quantity, production under emergency situations. As production of fish feed a stage ahead, this method envisages NEISA (No External Input Sustainable Agriculture) as a possibility, wherein one's waste becomes the manure for another and therefore sustainable and not dependent on anything from outside. Fig 3.2 Biogas plant Basic Science VIII 41 Reaping diversity There are different agricultural sectors which help to earn better income through a scientific approach. Let us try to familiarize ourselves with a few farming methods that can be chosen on the basis of their nature and scope. Livestock management Rearing cattle for milk, meat and agricultural purposes. Important varieties of cattle Cow : Jersey, Holstein Friesian, Vechoor Buffalo : Murrah, Niliravi, Bhadawari Goat : Thalassery, Jamnapari, Boer Poultry farming Rearing birds for egg and meat. Chicken varieties : Athulya, Gramalekshmi, White Leghorn Duck varieties : Muscovy, Chara, Chemballi Quill varieties : Japanese, Bob white. Sericulture Rearing silkworms for the production of natural silk is called sericulture. Silk is formed from the special glands of the larvae of the silk moth. Mulberry silkworm, Tussar silkworm, Muga silkworm etc., are the major varieties. Pisciculture The scientific way of rearing fish in natural water bodies, paddy fields or artificial tanks, is pisciculture. Varieties such as Pearl spot, Rohu, Catla etc., are reared for food and Gold fish, Guppy etc., are reared for ornamental purposes. Important prawn varieties reared are Naran, Kara etc. 42 Basic Science VIII Floriculture Cultivation of flowering plants on a commercial basis. Jasmine, Marigold, Chrysanthemum, Rose, Orchid, Anthurium etc., are flowers of commercial demand. Apiculture Scientific rearing of honey bees. Honey is a product of medicinal and nutritional value. Varieties of honey bees like Kolan, Mellifera, Njodiyan etc., are reared commonly. Cuniculture Scientific way of rearing of rabbits. Varieties like Grey giant, White giant etc., are reared for meat. Ankora is reared for fur. Mushroom culture Scientific way of growing mushroom. Mushroom is a nutritious and tasty food item. Button mushroom (Palkoon), Oyster mushroom (Chippikoon) etc., are commonly cultivated mushroom varieties. Horticulture Scientific cultivation of fruits and vegetables. Besides indigenous varieties, exotic varieties like Litchi, Rambutan, Durian etc., are cultivated in our land. Basic Science VIII 43  Medicinal plant cultivation The Indian system of medicine ‘Ayurveda’ exists completely depending on medicinal plants. The popularity of Ayurveda and the destruction of natural ecosystems have raised the importance of medicinal plant cultivation. Basil, Aloe, Neem, Adathoda, Sida (Kurunthotti), Vettivera (Ramacham), Aegle marmelos (Koovalam), Plumbago (Koduveli) etc., can be grown in crop fields. Complete the following table related to various agricultural sectors. Sector Products Varieties.................................. Pearl spot, Rohu.................. Honey, wax.................. Mushroom culture.................................... Livestock management........................................................................ Ankora, Grey giant...................................................... Poultry farming.................................... Table 3.2 44 Basic Science VIII  Haven’t you noticed the newspaper report? Farmers in the district have been encouraged to What are the advantages of adopting enter hitech farming... modern agricultural practices? can increase production can control weeds and pests Climate change is another important crisis in the agricultural sector. The unpredictable climate adversely affects traditional farming methods.The techniques that are used to overcome these challenges are gaining currency nowadays. Familiarize yourselves with some such new techniques. Discuss the given information based on indicators and write the inferences in your science diary. Polyhouse Farming Polyhouse is a special kind of arrangement in which a crop field is completely or partially covered by transparent polyethene sheets. Since the temperature and moisture in the polyhouse is constantly regulated, growth of plants becomes rapid. Nutrients are dissolved in water and are supplied on plants through drip irrigation. Pest infestation will also be less because the sides of the polyhouse are covered with net. Although the expense is high in the beginning, crop yield is Fig 3.3 Polyhouse farming many times greater than that of the regular field.- Precision Farming In this method of farming, the nature of soil, quantity of elements in the soil, pH value of soil, presence of water etc., in the crop field are tested using modern technology, and appropriate crops are selected for cultivation. By covering the soil using polythene sheet, we can effectively control weeds and also limit irrigation. Fig 3.4 Precision farming Basic Science VIII 45  Cultivation without soil ! Can we grow plants without soil? If so, is it possible to overcome the crises in agriculture like climate change, change in soil texture, lack of irrigation facility etc? Science has proved that cultivation is possible in the absence of soil even though there are limitations to popularize it as a method of cultivation. Aeroponics and hydroponics are examples for this. In hydroponics, plants are grown in nutrient solution. In aeroponics, plants are grown in such a way that their roots grow into air and nutrients are sprayed directly, on roots. Fig 3.5 Fig 3.6 Hydroponics Aeroponics Indicators How are modern agricultural practices helpful in reducing crop loss due to climate change? What are the advantages of precision farming? How does cultivation become possible without depending on soil? In modern agricultural practices, hybrids are used to ensure productivity. There are also arguments in support of a return of traditional agricultural practices because it is beneficial to nature and humans. It also argues that modern methods have many limitations. In traditional agricultural practices, indigenous varieties are used. Is it essential to retain indigenous varieties when many hybrid varieties are available? Note down your opinion. Read the description and check the validity of your opinion. Collect more information on this topic and organize a debate in your class. 46 Basic Science VIII  Native Varieties for tomorrow… Indigenous varieties of a locality are varieties that acquire natural immunity by adapting to the climate, the availability of food, soil texture of that place etc. We had many cattle varieties of high disease resistance and low cost of management, though they were less productive. We also had crops of diverse taste and nutrients. Many indigenous tuber crops are disappearing today. Dioscorea (Kachil), taro, arrow root (Koova) etc., have been eliminated from our diet. We must realize that through the extinction of these food crops, that are rich in nutrients and easy to cultivate, we are losing invaluable treasure. Extinction of indigenous varieties causes depletion of our biological wealth. We can develop new high quality varieties only from indigenous varieties that can survive the challenges of adverse climatic conditions. We mustn’t ignore the reality that these valuable resources cannot be regained if lost once. Given below are a few indigenous varieties. Expand the table collecting more information. Crop Varieties Mango Muvandan Kilichundan Plantatin Njalipoovan, Palayamkodan Table 3.3 Animal Varieties Cow Vechoor, Kasaragod Kullan Goat Malabari, Attappadi black Table 3.4 Basic Science VIII 47  Agriculture should be a means, for farmers, to lead a life without hurdles. One of the crises faced by farmers is the fall in price of products and exploitation by middle men. How can this be overcome? Discuss and formulate an opinion. Supporting Organisations Agricultural societies that help farmers to market their products without the help of mediators are on the rise these days. The facility for storage of items such as pepper, coconut, arecanut, rice, vegetables etc., is also ensured along with marketing facilities. They can sell such stored products when prices are high in the market and make profit. Loans at low interest rates are also made available to them. Organizations online too! With the rise in demand for organic products, online organizations of farmers are gaining importance. These organisations help to identify customers for their quality organic products and ensure higher prices. Thus, modern media opens up not only a wide window for marketing but also possibilities to share knowledge and experiences. It is not sufficient to make agriculture productive and sustainable. One should realize that agriculture is not the sole responsibility of farmers. People working in other fields must also try to engage in agriculture in a limited way atleast. The concept of ‘agriculture for all in society’ is relevant here. Is this concept practical? Do we have enough time to spend on cultivation in the midst of the busy life? Isn’t it easy to buy things from the market? Such doubts may naturally occur in our minds. Read the diary of a farmer. 48 Basic Science VIII  2014 S u n M o n Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 21 8 15 22 9 16 23 10 17 24 11 18 25 12 19 26 13 20 27 December 15 28 29 30 31 Many things fall into sight during my morning walk through the fields. Following the advice of the Agricultural Officer, the soil was tested and lime was added became useful. Fruit borers have started attacking the vegetables here and there. It is time for the application of tobacco decoctions. The best pods from pea plants should be collected for seed. A lot of night soil (kuruppa) can be seen. Earthworms must have multiplied. The arecanut saplings have worn out being exposed to sunlight. It is necessary to provide them shade or whitewash their trunks. On the advice of a friend, I also tried land paddy cultivation. There was no need to use chemical fertilizers or chemical pesticides. Since it was an indigenous variety of rice. How nice it is to see the plants raising heads high in the lush green! Such a diet that includes rice and vegetables is not only profitable but also one provides taste, health and satisfaction. How can this be rated? The result of hard work! Something to be experienced. How nice that I could spare some time for farming! Did you read the diary note? Is the concept ‘agriculture for all in society’ possible? Note down your opinion............................................................................................................................................. Do you think that the agricultural practices of the farmer is scientific? What is the scientific method? Read the following note. The scientific method includes identifying the problem, collecting information through observation, experimentation etc., analysis of collected information, formulation of proper inference and improvement of the inference through continuous enquiry. Scientists follow this method. Science is a means to solve problems by applying acquired knowledge as well as to create a better future. Does the diary note of the farmer contain the elements of the scientific method like identifying the problem, observation, experimentation, collection of information etc.? Examine. Basic Science VIII 49  The farmer is one who applies the scientific method. Isn’t it clear now that a real farmer is, in fact, a scientist? These scientists are the ones who sustain a society. People who deserve recognition more than any others! While eating, do we recollect that it is the result of the hard work of a farmer? The number of people engaged in agriculture, either individually or in groups, is increasing. The reason behind it is the awareness of the need of fresh, pure food. Are there group activities such as ‘Sunday farming’, ‘Family farming’ etc., in your locality? What are the advantages of this? x utilization of barren land x pesticide free food x exercise for the body x recreation x There are many people today who wish to set up their own vegetable garden, after realizing the seriousness of health problems caused by food items that contain pesticides. What are the main obstacles in their way? x lack of space x availability of seed x ignorance of nurturing x Examine the pictures and the news paper report collage. Analyse the possibilities to overcome the above said limitations. Fig. 3.7 Fig. 3.8 Fig. 3.9 Terrace cultivation Grow bag cultivation Vertical farming 50 Basic Science VIII There are many institutions which make available facilities for agriculture. The government plans and implements many projects to promote agriculture. Awards are instituted inorder to encourage youngsters into agriculture and to recognize outstanding skills. Collect more information on this. This chapter deals with the possibilities to overcome some crises in the agriculture sector. Complete the following table, adding important ideas. Crises Possibilities to overcome Climate change x Polyhouse farming x Hydroponics Environment destruction x Scientific application of fertilizers and health problems x Integrated pest management x Organic waste disposal Cost of production x x Crop loss x x Lack of space x x Fall in price x x Table 3.5 Many issues are yet to be discussed. You have the knowledge and experiences related to the topics of previous classes. Organise a seminar in the class collecting more information from farmers, research institutions and the media. Let us also do all that we can to fulfill the concept ‘agriculture for all in society’. Do not forget to prepare a diary note while you engage in agriculture. Exchange the diary notes amongst yourselves and publish them as a volume. Basic Science VIII 51  Significant learning outcomes The learner can x explain the idea of food security. x explain methods of integrated pest management and identify their advantages. x identify the greatness of agriculture and learn to respect farmers. x identify and explain possibilities of modern agricultural practices. x identify the significance of indigenous varieties and engage in activities to protect them. x implement and propagate agricultural practices that are harmless to the environment and health. Let us assess 1. Cuniculture is related to a. Keeping of honey bees b. Rearing of rabbits c. Cultivation of fruits and vegetables d. Rearing of fish 2. High quality hybrid varieties provide high yield. Then, what is the need of native varieties? Record your response to this statement. 3. Which is the most appropriate way to reduce crop loss due to pests? a. Using high concentration pesticides b. Protecting friendly pests. c. Practicing integrated pest management d. Applying organic pesticides only. 4. ‘Lower price during higher yield’. Suggest a practical solution to overcome this crisis faced by farmers. Extended activities 1. Plan and implement land paddy cultivation, vegetable cultivation, etc., in the school premises with the help of agricultural authorities and experienced farmers. 2. Prepare a magazine collecting information on the indigenous varieties of different crops. 52 Basic Science VIII What are the objects seen in the picture? What are the materials present in each object? z Balloon : z Pencil : There are many objects of diverse nature around us. All these are made up of different materials. We are familiar with the physical states of materials. Which are the different physical states of materials seen around us? z z z  Classify and tabulate the materials given in the picture on the basis of their physical states. Solid Liquid Gas Table 4.1 z What are the important properties of materials? Let's find out through some activities. Observe the figure. What are the things required to do the experiment shown in the figure? z How do we do this experiment? Try to write down the procedure after observing Figure 4.1 z What happens to the water level when the stone is dipped in water? What is the reason? Fill three-fourth of a trough with water. Keep a dry glass tumbler perpendicularly immersed in water in Fig. 4.1 the trough (Figure 4.2). z What happens to the water level in the trough? z Does water enter the tumbler? z What material does the tumbler already contain? Fig. 4.2 z Is there a relationship between the volume of this material and the difference in the water level? 54 Basic Science VIII Isn't it clear that air requires space to occupy. Hang two balloons filled with air at the two ends of a 30 cm long metal scale. Affix a piece of cellotape on one of the balloons. With the help of a thread, suspend the scale in a balanced position (Figure 4.3). Then, pierce the balloon with a needle on the cellotape. z Record your observation. z What do you infer from this? From these experiments what inferences can be drawn Fig. 4.3 about the properties of matter. $ Plasma and other states $ Matter is also found in states Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. other than solid, liquid and gas. The fourth state of matter is We are familiar with materials in the solid, liquid and Plasma. Matter is found in plasma gaseous states. state in the central part of the sun z Which properties of the solids are you familiar and other stars. Plasma is the state with? of matter in which the particles exist in ionized state at very high temperature. z What are the properties of liquids? The fifth and sixth states of matter are named Bose - Einstein z Which of these properties are applicable to gases? Condensate and Fermionic Condensate respectively. Another The properties related to the three states of matter are state of matter is Super Fluid State. given below. Complete Table 4.2. All these states can be generated in the laboratory only under (Tick the appropriate ones). special conditions. Property Solid Liquid Gas Has mass Has definite volume Has permanent shape Table 4.2 Basic Science VIII 55  Tiny particles in matter Fill three fourth of a beaker with water. Put two or three crystals of potassium permanganate into it and st