Grob's Basic Electronics 11th Edition PDF

 Grob’s Basic Electronics sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd i 3/17/10 12:14:36 PM This page intentionally left blank  Grob’s Basic Electronics 11th Editio...

 Grob’s Basic Electronics sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd i 3/17/10 12:14:36 PM This page intentionally left blank  Grob’s Basic Electronics 11th Edition Mitchel E. Schultz Western Technical College TM sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd iii 3/17/10 12:14:36 PM  TM GROB’S BASIC ELECTRONICS Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions © 2007, 2003, 1997, 1992, and 1989. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ISBN 978-0-07-351085-9 MHID 0-07-351085-8 Vice president/Editor in chief: Elizabeth Haefele Vice president/Director of marketing: John E. Biernat Director of Development: Sarah Wood Editorial coordinator: Vincent Bradshaw Marketing manager: Kelly Curran Lead digital product manager: Damian Moshak Digital development editor: Kevin White Director, Editing/Design/Production: Jess Ann Kosic Project manager: Jean R. Starr Manager, Digital production: Janean A. Utley Senior designer: Srdjan Savanovic Senior photo research coordinator: Jeremy Cheshareck Photo researcher: Allison Grimes Cover design: George Kokkonas Interior design: PV Design Inc. Typeface: 10/12 Times Roman Compositor: MPS Limited, A Macmillan Company Printer: R. R. Donnelley Cover credit: © Nicemonkey/Dreamstime.com Credits: The credits section for this book begins on page 1196 and is considered an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schultz, Mitchel E. Grob’s basic electronics / Mitchel E. Schultz.—11th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-351085-9 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-07-351085-8 (alk. paper) 1. Electronics—Textbooks. I. Grob, Bernard. Basic electronics. II. Title. III. Title: Basic electronics. TK7816.G75 2011 621.381—dc22 2010008273 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a Web site does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. www.mhhe.com sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd iv 3/17/10 10:11:27 PM  Dedication This textbook is dedicated to all of my students, both past and present. sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd v 3/17/10 12:14:36 PM This page intentionally left blank  Brief Contents I Introduction to Powers of 10 2 Chapter 1 Electricity 22 Chapter 2 Resistors 54 Chapter 3 Ohm’s Law 76 Chapter 4 Series Circuits 106 Chapter 5 Parallel Circuits 138 Chapter 6 Series-Parallel Circuits 168 Chapter 7 Voltage Dividers and Current Dividers 202 Chapter 8 Analog and Digital Multimeters 226 Chapter 9 Kirchhoff ’s Laws 258 Chapter 10 Network Theorems 282 Chapter 11 Conductors and Insulators 314 Chapter 12 Batteries 342 Chapter 13 Magnetism 376 Chapter 14 Electromagnetism 396 Chapter 15 Alternating Voltage and Current 428 Chapter 16 Capacitance 470 Chapter 17 Capacitive Reactance 510 Chapter 18 Capacitive Circuits 532 Chapter 19 Inductance 558 Chapter 20 Inductive Reactance 602 Chapter 21 Inductive Circuits 624 Chapter 22 RC and L/R Time Constants 652 Chapter 23 Alternating Current Circuits 686 Chapter 24 Complex Numbers for AC Circuits 714 Chapter 25 Resonance 744 Chapter 26 Filters 780 Chapter 27 Diodes and Diode Applications 824 vii sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd vii 3/17/10 12:14:36 PM  Chapter 28 Bipolar Junction Transistors 872 Chapter 29 Transistor Amplifiers 906 Chapter 30 Field Effect Transistors 948 Chapter 31 Power Amplifiers 988 Chapter 32 Thyristors 1020 Chapter 33 Operational Amplifiers 1038 Appendix A Electrical Symbols and Abbreviations 1090 Appendix B Solder and the Soldering Process 1093 Appendix C Listing of Preferred Resistance Values 1100 Appendix D Component Schematic Symbols 1101 Appendix E Using the Oscilloscope 1107 Appendix F Introduction to MultiSim 1122 Glossary 1159 Answers Self-Tests 1168 Answers Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems 1174 Credits 1196 Index 1197 viii Brief Contents sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd viii 3/17/10 12:14:36 PM  Contents Preface xviii I Introduction to Powers of 10 2 I–1 Scientific Notation 4 I–6 Reciprocals with Powers I–2 Engineering Notation and of 10 13 Metric Prefixes 6 I–7 Squaring Numbers Expressed I–3 Converting between Metric in Powers of 10 Notation 13 Prefixes 10 I–8 Square Roots of Numbers I–4 Addition and Subtraction Expressed in Powers of 10 Involving Powers of 10 Notation 14 Notation 11 I–9 The Scientific Calculator 15 I–5 Multiplication and Division Summary 17 Involving Powers of 10 Notation 12 Chapter 1 Electricity 22 1–1 Negative and Positive 1–7 Resistance Is Opposition to Polarities 24 Current 38 1–2 Electrons and Protons in the 1–8 The Closed Circuit 40 Atom 24 1–9 The Direction of Current 42 1–3 Structure of the Atom 27 1–10 Direct Current (DC) and 1–4 The Coulomb Unit of Electric Alternating Current (AC) 45 Charge 30 1–11 Sources of Electricity 46 1–5 The Volt Unit of Potential 1–12 The Digital Multimeter 47 Difference 33 Summary 49 1–6 Charge in Motion Is Current 35 Chapter 2 Resistors 54 2–1 Types of Resistors 56 2–5 Power Rating of Resistors 66 2–2 Resistor Color Coding 59 2–6 Resistor Troubles 68 2–3 Variable Resistors 63 Summary 70 2–4 Rheostats and Potentiometers 64 Chapter 3 Ohm’s Law 76 3–1 The Current I  V/ R 78 3–5 Multiple and Submultiple 3–2 The Voltage V  IR 80 Units 82 3–3 The Resistance R  V/I 81 3–6 The Linear Proportion between V and I 83 3–4 Practical Units 82 ix sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd ix 3/17/10 12:14:37 PM  3–7 Electric Power 85 3–11 Electric Shock 94 3–8 Power Dissipation in 3–12 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Resistance 89 Troubles 95 3–9 Power Formulas 90 Summary 97 3–10 Choosing a Resistor for a Circuit 92 Chapter 4 Series Circuits 106 4–1 Why I Is the Same in All Parts 4–7 Series-Aiding and Series- of a Series Circuit 108 Opposing Voltages 117 4–2 Total R Equals the Sum of All 4–8 Analyzing Series Circuits with Series Resistances 110 Random Unknowns 118 4–3 Series IR Voltage Drops 112 4–9 Ground Connections in 4–4 Kirchhoff ’s Voltage Law Electrical and Electronic (KVL) 113 Systems 120 4–5 Polarity of IR Voltage 4–10 Troubleshooting: Opens and Drops 115 Shorts in Series Circuits 122 4–6 Total Power in a Series Summary 127 Circuit 116 Chapter 5 Parallel Circuits 138 5–1 The Applied Voltage VA Is the 5–6 Total Power in Parallel Same across Parallel Circuits 151 Branches 140 5–7 Analyzing Parallel Circuits 5–2 Each Branch I Equals with Random VA /R 141 Unknowns 152 5–3 Kirchhoff ’s Current Law 5–8 Troubleshooting: Opens and (KCL) 142 Shorts in Parallel Circuits 152 5–4 Resistances in Parallel 144 Summary 159 5–5 Conductances in Parallel 150 Chapter 6 Series-Parallel Circuits 168 6–1 Finding R T for Series-Parallel 6–5 Analyzing Series-Parallel Resistances 170 Circuits with Random 6–2 Resistance Strings in Unknowns 175 Parallel 171 6–6 The Wheatstone Bridge 178 6–3 Resistance Banks in 6–7 Troubleshooting: Opens and Series 173 Shorts in Series-Parallel 6–4 Resistance Banks and Strings Circuits 182 in Series-Parallel 174 Summary 188 Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 1 to 6 200 Chapter 7 Voltage Dividers and Current Dividers 202 7–1 Series Voltage Dividers 204 7–3 Current Division by Parallel 7–2 Current Divider with Two Conductances 209 Parallel Resistances 207 x Contents sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd x 3/19/10 11:42:20 AM  7–4 Series Voltage Divider with 7–5 Design of a Loaded Voltage Parallel Load Current 210 Divider 212 Summary 215 Chapter 8 Analog and Digital Multimeters 226 8–1 Moving-Coil Meter 228 8–7 Digital Multimeter 8–2 Meter Shunts 230 (DMM) 243 8–3 Voltmeters 233 8–8 Meter Applications 245 8–4 Loading Effect of a 8–9 Checking Continuity with Voltmeter 236 the Ohmmeter 247 8–5 Ohmmeters 238 Summary 249 8–6 Multimeters 241 Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 7 and 8 257 Chapter 9 Kirchhoff ’s Laws 258 9–1 Kirchhoff ’s Current Law 9–4 Node-Voltage Analysis 269 (KCL) 260 9–5 Method of Mesh 9–2 Kirchhoff ’s Voltage Law Currents 271 (KVL) 262 Summary 275 9–3 Method of Branch Currents 265 Chapter 10 Network Theorems 282 10–1 Superposition Theorem 284 10–6 Thevenin-Norton 10–2 Thevenin’s Theorem 285 Conversions 294 10–3 Thevenizing a Circuit with Two 10–7 Conversion of Voltage and Voltage Sources 288 Current Sources 296 10–4 Thevenizing a Bridge 10–8 Millman’s Theorem 298 Circuit 289 10–9 T or Y and  or  10–5 Norton’s Theorem 291 Connections 300 Summary 305 Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 9 and 10 313 Chapter 11 Conductors and Insulators 314 11–1 Function of the 11–8 Wire Resistance 327 Conductor 316 11–9 Temperature Coefficient of 11–2 Standard Wire Gage Resistance 330 Sizes 317 11–10 Ion Current in Liquids and 11–3 Types of Wire Gases 332 Conductors 319 11–11 Insulators 334 11–4 Connectors 321 11–12 Troubleshooting Hints for 11–5 Printed Wiring 322 Wires and Connectors 336 11–6 Switches 323 Summary 337 11–7 Fuses 325 Contents xi sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd xi 3/17/10 12:14:37 PM  Chapter 12 Batteries 342 12–1 Introduction to Batteries 344 12–7 Current Drain Depends on 12–2 The Voltaic Cell 346 Load Resistance 360 12–3 Common Types of Primary 12–8 Internal Resistance of a Cells 348 Generator 361 12–4 Lead-Acid Wet Cell 352 12–9 Constant-Voltage and Constant-Current 12–5 Additional Types of Secondary Sources 364 Cells 355 12–10 Matching a Load Resistance to 12–6 Series-Connected and Parallel- the Generator ri 366 Connected Cells 358 Summary 368 Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 11 and 12 373 Chapter 13 Magnetism 376 13–1 The Magnetic Field 378 13–6 Types of Magnets 387 13–2 Magnetic Flux (␾) 380 13–7 Ferrites 388 13–3 Flux Density (B ) 382 13–8 Magnetic Shielding 389 13–4 Induction by the Magnetic 13–9 The Hall Effect 389 Field 384 Summary 391 13–5 Air Gap of a Magnet 386 Chapter 14 Electromagnetism 396 14–1 Ampere-Turns of 14–6 Magnetic Polarity of a Magnetomotive Force Coil 408 (mmf ) 398 14–7 Motor Action between Two 14–2 Field Intensity (H ) 399 Magnetic Fields 409 14–3 B-H Magnetization 14–8 Induced Current 411 Curve 402 14–9 Generating an Induced 14–4 Magnetic Hysteresis 404 Voltage 413 14–5 Magnetic Field around an 14–10 Relays 417 Electric Current 406 Summary 421 Chapter 15 Alternating Voltage and Current 428 15–1 Alternating Current 15–10 The Time Factor in Frequency Applications 430 and Phase 448 15–2 Alternating-Voltage 15–11 Alternating Current Circuits Generator 431 with Resistance 449 15–3 The Sine Wave 434 15–12 Nonsinusoidal AC 15–4 Alternating Current 435 Waveforms 451 15–5 Voltage and Current Values for 15–13 Harmonic Frequencies 453 a Sine Wave 436 15–14 The 60-Hz AC Power 15–6 Frequency 439 Line 453 15–7 Period 441 15–15 Motors and Generators 456 15–8 Wavelength 442 15–16 Three–Phase AC Power 458 15–9 Phase Angle 445 Summary 460 Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 13 to 15 468 xii Contents sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd xii 3/19/10 3:24:10 PM  Chapter 16 Capacitance 470 16–1 How Charge Is Stored in a 16–7 Parallel Capacitances 492 Dielectric 472 16–8 Series Capacitances 492 16–2 Charging and Discharging a 16–9 Energy Stored in Electrostatic Capacitor 473 Field of Capacitance 494 16–3 The Farad Unit of 16–10 Measuring and Testing Capacitance 475 Capacitors 495 16–4 Typical Capacitors 479 16–11 Troubles in Capacitors 498 16–5 Electrolytic Capacitors 484 Summary 501 16–6 Capacitor Coding 486 Chapter 17 Capacitive Reactance 510 17–1 Alternating Current in a 17–4 Ohm’s Law Applied to XC 518 Capacitive Circuit 512 17–5 Applications of Capacitive 17–2 The Amount of XC Equals Reactance 518 1/(2fC ) 513 17–6 Sine-Wave Charge and 17–3 Series or Parallel Capacitive Discharge Current 519 Reactances 517 Summary 524 Chapter 18 Capacitive Circuits 532 18–1 Sine Wave vC Lags iC by 18–6 RF and AF Coupling 90 534 Capacitors 544 18–2 X C and R in Series 535 18–7 Capacitive Voltage 18–3 Impedance Z Triangle 537 Dividers 545 18-4 RC Phase-Shifter Circuit 539 18–8 The General Case of Capacitive Current iC 547 18–5 XC and R in Parallel 540 Summary 548 Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 16 to 18 556 Chapter 19 Inductance 558 19–1 Induction by Alternating 19–10 Types of Cores 583 Current 560 19–11 Variable Inductance 584 19–2 Self-Inductance L 561 19–12 Inductances in Series or 19–3 Self-Induced Voltage vL 564 Parallel 585 19–4 How vL Opposes a Change in 19–13 Energy in a Magnetic Field of Current 565 Inductance 587 19–5 Mutual Inductance L M 566 19–14 Stray Capacitive and Inductive 19–6 Transformers 569 Effects 588 19–7 Transformer Ratings 575 19–15 Measuring and Testing Inductors 590 19–8 Impedance Transformation 578 Summary 593 19–9 Core Losses 582 Contents xiii sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd xiii 3/17/10 12:14:37 PM  Chapter 20 Inductive Reactance 602 20–1 How X L Reduces the Amount 20–5 Applications of X L for Different of I 604 Frequencies 610 20–2 XL  2f L 605 20–6 Waveshape of vL Induced by 20–3 Series or Parallel Inductive Sine-Wave Current 611 Reactances 609 Summary 616 20–4 Ohm’s Law Applied to X L 609 Chapter 21 Inductive Circuits 624 21–1 Sine Wave iL Lags vL by 21–5 Q of a Coil 635 90 626 21–6 AF and RF Chokes 638 21–2 X L and R in Series 627 21–7 The General Case of Inductive 21–3 Impedance Z Triangle 629 Voltage 640 21–4 X L and R in Parallel 632 Summary 642 Chapter 22 RC and L/R Time Constants 652 22–1 Response of Resistance 22–8 Long and Short Time Alone 654 Constants 665 22–2 L /R Time Constant 654 22–9 Charge and Discharge with a 22–3 High Voltage Produced by Short RC Time Constant 666 Opening an RL Circuit 656 22–10 Long Time Constant for an RC 22–4 RC Time Constant 658 Coupling Circuit 667 22–5 RC Charge and Discharge 22–11 Advanced Time Constant Curves 661 Analysis 669 22–6 High Current Produced by 22–12 Comparison of Reactance and Short-Circuiting an RC Time Constant 672 Circuit 662 Summary 675 22–7 RC Waveshapes 663 Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 19 to 22 684 Chapter 23 Alternating Current Circuits 686 23–1 AC Circuits with Resistance but 23–7 Series-Parallel Reactance No Reactance 688 and Resistance 697 23–2 Circuits with XL Alone 689 23–8 Real Power 698 23–3 Circuits with XC Alone 690 23–9 AC Meters 700 23–4 Opposite Reactances 23–10 Wattmeters 701 Cancel 691 23–11 Summary of Types of Ohms in 23–5 Series Reactance and AC Circuits 701 Resistance 693 23–12 Summary of Types of Phasors 23–6 Parallel Reactance and in AC Circuits 702 Resistance 695 Summary 705 xiv Contents sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd xiv 3/17/10 12:14:37 PM  Chapter 24 Complex Numbers for AC Circuits 714 24–1 Positive and Negative 24–9 Converting Polar to Numbers 716 Rectangular Form 725 24–2 The j Operator 716 24–10 Complex Numbers in Series AC 24–3 Definition of a Complex Circuits 727 Number 718 24–11 Complex Numbers in Parallel 24–4 How Complex Numbers Are AC Circuits 729 Applied to AC Circuits 718 24–12 Combining Two Complex 24–5 Impedance in Complex Branch Impedances 731 Form 719 24–13 Combining Complex Branch 24–6 Operations with Complex Currents 732 Numbers 721 24–14 Parallel Circuit with Three 24–7 Magnitude and Angle of a Complex Branches 733 Complex Number 722 Summary 735 24–8 Polar Form of Complex Numbers 724 Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 23 and 24 742 Chapter 25 Resonance 744 25–1 The Resonance Effect 746 25–7 Tuning 765 25–2 Series Resonance 746 25–8 Mistuning 767 25–3 Parallel Resonance 750 25–9 Analysis of Parallel 25–4 Resonant Frequency Resonant Circuits 768 ___ fr  1兾(2兹 LC ) 753 25–10 Damping of Parallel 25–5 Q Magnification Factor of a Resonant Circuits 769 Resonant Circuit 757 25–11 Choosing L and C for a 25–6 Bandwidth of a Resonant Resonant Circuit 771 Circuit 761 Summary 772 Chapter 26 Filters 780 26–1 Examples of Filtering 782 26–8 High-Pass Filters 793 26–2 Direct Current Combined with 26–9 Analyzing Filter Circuits 794 Alternating Current 782 26–10 Decibels and Frequency 26–3 Transformer Coupling 785 Response Curves 803 26–4 Capacitive Coupling 786 26–11 Resonant Filters 810 26–5 Bypass Capacitors 789 26-12 Interference Filters 812 26–6 Filter Circuits 791 Summary 814 26–7 Low-Pass Filters 792 Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 25 and 26 822 Chapter 27 Diodes and Diode Applications 824 27–1 Semiconductor Materials 826 27–3 Volt-Ampere Characteristic 27–2 The p -n Junction Diode 828 Curve 831 27–4 Diode Approximations 834 Contents xv sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd xv 3/17/10 12:14:37 PM  27–5 Diode Ratings 837 27–7 Special Diodes 856 27–6 Rectifier Circuits 838 Summary 864 Chapter 28 Bipolar Junction Transistors 872 28–1 Transistor Construction 874 28–5 Checking a Transistor 28–2 Proper Transistor Biasing 876 with an Ohmmeter 885 28–3 Transistor Operating 28–6 Transistor Biasing Regions 880 Techniques 887 28–4 Transistor Ratings 882 Summary 899 Chapter 29 Transistor Amplifiers 906 29–1 AC Resistance of a 29–6 Common-Collector Diode 908 Amplifier 921 29–2 Small Signal Amplifier 29–7 AC Analysis of an Emitter Operation 910 Follower 923 29–3 AC Equivalent Circuit of a CE 29-8 Emitter Follower Amplifier 914 Applications 928 29–4 Calculating the Voltage Gain, 29-9 Common-Base Amplifier 931 A V, of a CE Amplifier 914 29-10 AC Analysis of a Common- 29–5 Calculating the Input and Base Amplifier 932 Output Impedances in a CE Summary 938 Amplifier 919 Chapter 30 Field Effect Transistors 948 30–1 JFETs and Their 30–5 MOSFET Biasing Characteristics 950 Techniques 975 30–2 JFET Biasing Techniques 955 30–6 Handling MOSFETs 977 30–3 JFET Amplifiers 961 Summary 979 30–4 MOSFETs and Their Characteristics 969 Chapter 31 Power Amplifiers 988 31–1 Classes of Operation 990 31–4 Class C Amplifiers 1007 31–2 Class A Amplifiers 991 Summary 1013 31–3 Class B Push-Pull Amplifiers 1000 Chapter 32 Thyristors 1020 32–1 Diacs 1022 32–4 Unijunction Transistors 1029 32–2 SCRs and Their Summary 1033 Characteristics 1022 32–3 Triacs 1027 xvi Contents sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd xvi 3/17/10 12:14:37 PM  Chapter 33 Operational Amplifiers 1038 33–1 Differential Amplifiers 1040 33–4 Popular Op-Amp 33–2 Operational Amplifiers and Circuits 1064 Their Characteristics 1047 Summary 1080 33–3 Op-Amp Circuits with Negative Feedback 1054 Appendix A Electrical Symbols and Abbreviations 1090 Appendix B Solder and the Soldering Process 1093 Appendix C Listing of Preferred Resistance Values 1100 Appendix D Component Schematic Symbols 1101 Appendix E Using the Oscilloscope 1107 Appendix F Introduction to MultiSim 1122 Glossary 1159 Answers Self-Tests 1168 Answers Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems 1174 Credits 1196 Index 1197 Contents xvii sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd xvii 3/19/10 8:34:56 PM  Preface The eleventh edition of Grob’s Basic Electronics provides students and instruc- tors with complete and comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals of electricity and electronics. The book is written for the beginning student who has little or no experience and/or knowledge about the field of electronics. A basic understanding of algebra and trigonometry is helpful since several algebraic equations and right- angle trigonometry problems appear throughout the text. The opening material in the book, titled “Introduction to Powers of 10,” prepares students to work with numbers expressed in scientific and engineering notation as well as with the most common metric prefixes encountered in elec- tronics. Students learn how to add, subtract, multiply, divide, square, and take the square root of numbers expressed in any form of powers of 10 notation. Chapters 1 through 12 cover the basics of atomic structure, voltage, current, resistance, the resistor color code, Ohm’s law, power, series circuits, parallel cir- cuits, series-parallel (combination) circuits, voltage and current dividers, analog and digital meters, Kirchhoff’s laws, network theorems, wire resistance, switches, insulators, primary and secondary cells, battery types, internal resistance, and maximum transfer of power. The first 12 chapters are considered dc chapters since the voltages and currents used in analyzing the circuits in these chapters are strictly dc. Chapters 13 through 26 cover the basics of magnetism, electromagnetism, re- lays, alternating voltage and current, capacitance, capacitor types, capacitive reac- tance, capacitive circuits, inductance, transformers, inductive reactance, inductive circuits, RC and L/R time constants, real power, apparent power, power factor, complex numbers, resonance, and filters. Chapters 13–26 are considered the ac chapters since the voltages and currents used in analyzing the circuits in these chapters are primarily ac. Chapters 27 through 33 cover the basics of electronic devices, which include semiconductor physics; diode characteristics; diode testing; half-wave and full- wave rectifier circuits; the capacitor input filter; light-emitting diodes (LEDs); zener diodes; bipolar junction transistors; transistor biasing techniques; the common-emitter, common-collector, and common-base amplifiers; JFET and MOSFET characteristics; JFET amplifiers; MOSFET amplifiers; class A, class B and class C amplifiers; diacs; SCRs; triacs; UJTs; op-amp characteristics; invert- ing amplifiers; noninverting amplifiers; and nonlinear op-amp circuits. These seven additional chapters covering electronic devices may qualify this text for those who want to use it for dc fundamentals, ac fundamentals, as well as elec- tronic devices. Appendixes A through F serve as a resource for students seeking additional information on topics that may or may not be covered in the main part of the text. Appendix A lists all of the electrical quantities and their symbols. It also includes a listing of the most popular multiple and submultiple units encountered in electronics as well as a listing of all the Greek letter symbols and their uses. Appendix B provides the student with a comprehensive overview of solder and the soldering process. Appendix C provides a list of preferred values for resistors. The list of preferred values shows the multiple and submultiple values available for a specified tolerance. Appendix D provides a complete listing of electronic compo- nents and their respective schematic symbols. Appendix E provides students with xviii sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd xviii 3/17/10 12:14:37 PM  an introduction on how to use an oscilloscope. Both analog and digital scopes are covered. Appendix F provides an extensive overview on the use of MultiSim which is an interactive circuit simulation software package that allows students to create and test electronic circuits. Appendix F introduces the student to the main features of MultiSim that directly relates to their study of dc circuits, ac circuits, and electronic devices. What’s New in the Eleventh Edition of Grob’s Basic Electronics? The eleventh edition of Grob’s Basic Electronics now provides students and instructors with a laboratory application assignment at the end of every chapter in the book! This is a hands-on lab exercise where students build and test circuits in a laboratory environment. Each lab application assignment reinforces one or more of the main topics covered within the chapter. The labs are short and concise, yet thorough and complete. With the inclusion of the lab application assignments, additional lab supplements may not be necessary. Never before has an electronics book of this magnitude provided a laboratory activity as part of the main text. The student CD, included with the book, provides a printable version of each separate lab application assignment. This allows students to complete the lab and hand it in for instructor grading. MultiSim continues to be a key component in the eleventh edition of Grob’s Basic Electronics. All the MultiSim files contained on the student CD have been updated to version 10.1, the latest version of MultiSim software available at the time of publication. Appendix F, “Introduction to MultiSim,” has also been completely updated to reflect the latest changes in version 10.1 of the software. Chapter 12, “Batteries,” includes new information on lithium-ion batteries. The Good to Know feature, appearing in the margins of the text, has been significantly expanded throughout all chapters. The Online Learning Center (OLC) has been significantly enhanced for the eleventh edition. For students, a new feature called Study Aid Exercises provides additional worked-out examples for each chapter in the text. Also, for instructors, a Lab Performance Project, which can be used as a lab performance test, is available for each chapter in the text. A new Practice Test has also been added for the “Introduction to Powers of 10.” The Experiments Manual to Accompany Grob’s Basic Electronics has been significantly modified. One of the main changes is replacing the use of analog meters with digital multimeters (DMMs) in the laboratory setting. Also, phase measurements are now made with a dual-trace oscilloscope rather than with Lissajous patterns. Ancillary Package The following supplements are available to support Grob’s Basic Electronics, eleventh edition. Problems Manual for Grob’s Basic Electronics This book, written by Mitchel E. Schultz, provides students and instructors with hundreds of practice problems for self-study, homework assignments, tests, and review. The book is organized to correlate chapter by chapter with the textbook. Each chapter contains a number of solved illustrative problems demonstrating Preface xix sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd xix 3/17/10 9:36:21 PM  step-by-step how representative problems on a particular topic are solved. Fol- lowing the solved problems are sets of problems for the students to solve. The Problems Manual is a must-have for students requiring additional practice in solving circuits. Experiments Manual for Grob’s Basic Electronics This lab book, written by Frank Pugh and Wes Ponick, provides students and instructors with easy-to-follow laboratory experiments. The experiments range from an introduction to laboratory equipment to experiments dealing with op- erational amplifiers. All experiments have been student tested to ensure their ef- fectiveness. The lab book is organized to correlate with topics covered in the text, chapter by chapter. All experiments have a MultiSim activity that is to be done prior to the actual physical lab activity. MultiSim files (version 10.1) are included on a bound-in CD-ROM. This prepares students to work with circuit simulation software, and also to do “pre-lab” preparation before doing a physical lab exercise. MultiSim coverage also reflects the widespread use of circuit simulation software in today’s electronics industries. Online Learning Center Web Site The Online Learning Center (OLC) Web site contains resources for both students and instructors. Instructor resources, such as the instructor’s manuals, are acces- sible only through a username and password system. Students can access information about the book and its supplements; links to key Web sites; glossary terms; and key learning activities for each chapter in the textbook. The learning activities include a practice test for each chapter in the text as well as additional study aids for each chapter. The study aids are new to this edition. Instructors will find a full, instructional PowerPoint presentation, arranged by chapter, which covers all of the important concepts in the book. Instructors will also find a 25-question multiple-choice test as well as a Lab Performance Project for each chapter in the book. The Lab Performance Project is new to the eleventh edition and is designed to be an effective tool for testing the lab performance of students. And finally, the instructor’s manual for the main text as well as the ex- periments manual and problems manual appear on the instructor’s OLC. xx Preface sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd xx 3/17/10 12:14:37 PM  Before you read... Chapter Introductions briefly outline the main chapter topics and concepts. I Introduction to Powers of 10 Chapter Outlines guide you through the material in the chapter ahead. The outlines breakdown the individual topics covered, and each outline is tied to a The electrical quantities you will encounter while working in the field of main heading to emphasize important electronics are often extremely small or extremely large. For example, it is not topics throughout the chapter. at all uncommon to work with extremely small decimal numbers such as 0.000000000056 or extremely large numbers such as 1,296,000,000. To enable us to work conveniently with both very small and very large numbers, powers of 10 notation is used. With powers of 10 notation, any number, no matter how Chapter Objectives organize and Chapter Objectives highlight the key concepts covered within After studying this chapter you should be able to the chapter text. List the two basic particles of electric charge. Describe the basic structure of the atom. Define the terms conductor, insulator, and semiconductor and give examples of Chapter Outline each. 1–1 Negative and Positive Polarities Define the coulomb unit of electric charge. 1–2 Electrons and Protons in the Atom Define potential difference and voltage 1–3 Structure of the Atom and list the unit of each. 1–4 The Coulomb Unit of Electric Charge Define current and list its unit of measure. 1–5 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference Describe the difference between voltage 1–6 Charge in Motion Is Current and current. 1–7 Resistance Is Opposition to Current Define resistance and conductance and 1–8 The Closed Circuit list the unit of each. 1–9 The Direction of Current List three important characteristics of an electric circuit. 1–10 Direct Current (DC) and Define the difference between electron Alternating Current (AC) flow and conventional current. 1–11 Sources of Electricity Describe the difference between direct 1–12 The Digital Multimeter and alternating current. Important Terms Important Terms help students identify alternating current conductor electron valence ohm key words at the beginning of each (ac) conventional current element potential difference chapter. They are defined in the text, at ampere coulomb free electron proton atom current insulator resistance the end of the chapter, and in the atomic number circuit dielectric ion semiconductor glossary. direct current (dc) molecule siemens compound electron neutron static electricity conductance electron flow nucleus volt xxi sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd xxi 3/17/10 12:14:38 PM  While you read... Figure 1–5 Physical force between electric charges. (a) Opposite charges attract. (b) Two negative charges repel each other. (c) Two positive charges repel. Pioneers in Electronics offer Opposite Like  Like  background information on the scientists charges attract charges repel charges repel and engineers whose theories and       discoveries were instrumental in the (a) (b) (c) development of electronics. repel in Fig. 1–5b, and two positive charges of the same value repel each other in Fig. 1–5c. PIONEERS Good to Know boxes provide additional IN ELECTRONICS Polarity of a Charge information in the margins of the text. French natural philosopher Charles An electric charge must have either negative or positive polarity, labeled Q or Augustin Coulomb (1736–1806) Q, with an excess of either electrons or protons. A neutral condition is considered developed a method for measuring zero charge. On this basis, consider the following examples, remembering that the the force of attraction and repulsion electron is the basic particle of charge and the proton has exactly the same amount, although of opposite polarity. between two electrically charged spheres. Coulomb established the law of inverse squares and defined the basic unit of charge quantity, the coulomb. Section Self-Reviews allow students to check their understanding of the Example 1-1 material just presented. They are located at GOOD TO KNOW W A neutral dielectric has added to it 1.25  1018 electrons. What is its charge in coulombs? the end of each section within a chapter, As an aid for determining the ANSWER This number of electrons is double the charge of 1 C. Therefore, with answers at the end of the chapter. added charge (Q) to a neutral dielectric, use the following Q  2 C. equation: Q  _________________________ Number of electrons added or removed 6.25  1018 electrons/C oved ___ 1–1 Self-Review GOOD TO KNOW Answers at end of chapter. Electricity is a form of energy, a. Is the charge of an electron positive or negative? b Is the charge of a proton positive or negative? Examples throughout the text expand where energy refers to the ability to do work. More specifically, c. Is it true or false that the neutral condition means equal positive and on key concepts and offer students a negative charges? electrical energy refers to the deeper understanding of complex energy associated with electric charges. material. 1–2 Electrons and Protons in the Atom Although there are any number of possible methods by which electrons and protons might be grouped, they assemble in specific atomic combinations for a stable ar- rangement. (An atom is the smallest particle of the basic elements which forms the The Volt Unit The volt unit of potential difference is named after Alessandro Volta (1745–1827). MultiSim Icons, updated for this MultiSim Figure 1–8 Chemical cell as Fundamentally, the volt is a measure of the amount of work or energy needed to a voltage source. (a) Voltage output is the edition, identify circuits for which there is potential difference between the two move an electric charge. By definition, when 0.7376 foot-pound (ft · lb) of work is required to move 6.25  1018 electrons between two points, the potential difference terminals. (b) Schematic symbol of any dc a MultiSim activity. A CD containing voltage source with constant polarity. between those two points is one volt. (Note that 6.25  1018 electrons make up one Longer line indicates positive side. coulomb of charge.) The metric unit of work or energy is the joule (J). One joule MultiSim files is included with the is the same amount of work or energy as 0.7376 ft lb. Therefore, we can say that the potential difference between two points is one volt when one joule of energy is textbook. expended in moving one coulomb of charge between those two points. Expressed 1J as a formula, 1 V  ___ 1C. In electronics, potential difference is commonly referred to as voltage, with the symbol V. Remember, though, that voltage is the potential difference between two points and that two terminals are necessary for a potential difference to exist. A potential difference cannot exist at only one point! Consider the 2.2-V lead-acid cell in Fig. 1–8a. Its output of 2.2 V means that this is the amount of potential difference between the two terminals. The lead-acid cell, then, is a voltage source, or a source of electromotive force (emf). The schematic symbol for a battery or dc voltage source is shown in Fig. 1–8b. Sometimes the symbol E is used for emf, but the standard symbol V represents any potential difference. This applies either to the voltage generated by a source or to the voltage drop across a passive component such as a resistor. It may be helpful to think of voltage as an electrical pressure or force. The higher the voltage, the more electrical pressure or force. The electrical pressure of voltage is in the form of the attraction and repulsion of an electric charge such as an electron xxii Guided Tour sch10858_fm_i-xxvi_1.indd xxii 3/17/10 12:14:38 PM  After you’ve read... Each chapter concludes with a Summary, a comprehensive recap of Summary the major points and takeaways. Electricity is present in all matter in One coulomb (C) of charge is a An electric circuit is a closed path for the form of electrons and protons. quantity of electricity corresponding current flow. A voltage must be The electron is the basic particle to 6.25  1018 electrons or protons. connected across a circuit to produce of negative charge, and the proton The symbol for charge is Q. current flow. In the external circuit is the basic particle of positive Potential difference or voltage is an outside the voltage source, electrons charge. electrical pressure or force that exists flow from the negative terminal between two points. The unit of toward the positive terminal. A conductor is a material in which electrons can move easily from one potential difference is the volt (V). A motion of positive charges, in the 1 J In general, V  __ 1 V  ___ W. opposite direction of electron flow, is atom to the next. 1C Q considered conventional current. An insulator is a material in which Current is the rate of movement of electrons tend to stay in their own electric charge. The symbol for Voltage can exist without current, orbit. Another name for insulator is current is I, and the basic unit of but current cannot exist without dielectric. measure is the ampere (A). voltage. The atomic number of an element 1 C In general, I  __ 1 A  ___ Q. Direct current has just one direction 1s T because a dc voltage source has fixed gives the number of protons in the Resistance is the opposition to the polarity. Alternating current nucleus of the atom, balanced by an fl f Th b lf has just one direction. charged. Stat c e ect c ty a y c a ge, pos t e Electron the most basic particle of Molecule the smallest unit of a or negative, that is stationary or not in negative charge. compound with the same chemical motion. Electron flow the movement of characteristics. Volt the unit of potential difference electrons that provides current in a 1J. or voltage. 1 V  ____ 1C Related Formulas are a quick, easy Related Formulas way to locate the important formulas 1 C  6.25  1018 electrons QIT R  1/G from the chapter. W V  __ G  1/R Q I  Q/T Self-Test Answers at back of book. 4. The electron valence of a neutral 7. In a metal conductor, such as a Multiple-Choice Self-Tests at the 1. The most basic particle of negative copper atom is copper wire, a. 1. a. positive ions are the moving end of every chapter allow for quick charge is the a. coulomb. b. 0. charges that provide current. c. 4. b. free electrons are the moving learning assessment. b. electron. d. 1. charges that provide current. c. proton. c. there are no free electrons. d. neutron. 5. The unit of potential difference is d. none of the above. the 2. The coulomb is a unit of a. volt. 8. A 100- resistor has a a. electric charge. conductance, G, of b. ampere. b. potential difference. a. 0.01 S. c. siemens. c. current. b. 0.1 S. d. coulomb. d. voltage. c. 0.001 S. 6. Which of the following statements d. 1 S. 3. Which of the following is not a is true? good conductor? a. Unlike charges repel each other. 9. The most basic particle of positive a. copper. charge is the b. Like charges repel each other. b. silver. a. coulomb. c. Unlike charges attract each other. c. glass. b. electron. d. Both b and c. d. gold. c. proton. d a. volt. flow of current is called d. 8 V. b. coulomb. a. conductance. c. siemens. b. resistance. 25. Which of the following statements d. ohm. is false? c. voltage. 15. Except for hydrogen (H) and d. current. a. The resistance of an open circuit is practically zero. The Essay Questions at the end of helium (He) the goal of valence for an atom is 20. Aluminum, with a