Biology Grade 10 Midterm Study Guide PDF

Biology Grade 10 Midterm Study Guide Basma Marafi mino ghairha ba3ad Macromolecules 1. Definition: Large organic molecules (carbon-based) essential for life. Types: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids....

Biology Grade 10 Midterm Study Guide Basma Marafi mino ghairha ba3ad Macromolecules 1. Definition: Large organic molecules (carbon-based) essential for life. Types: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. 2. Structure: Monomers: Small building blocks (e.g., glucose for carbohydrates). Polymers: Larger structures made of monomers (e.g., starch). 3. Examples: Carbohydrates: Short-term energy, found in sugars/starches (4 cal/gram). If I was a macromolecule a7s I would be carbs sa7? Lipids: Long-term energy, found in fats/oils (9 cal/gram). Proteins: Diverse functions like enzymes, hormones, and structure (4 cal/gram). Nucleic Acids: DNA/RNA store genetic information (0 cal/gram). Enzymes and Biochemical Reactions walla a7la darrrrsss 1. Enzymes: Proteins that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. 2. Reactions: Endothermic: Absorbs energy (e.g., photosynthesis). Exothermic: Releases energy (e.g., cellular respiration). 3. Factors Affecting Enzymes: Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, inhibitors. Cell Theory and Organelles 1. Cell Theory: All living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. Cells come from pre-existing cells. 2. Organelles: Specialized structures in eukaryotic cells (e.g., nucleus, mitochondria). Cell Transport 1. Passive Transport: No energy required, moves substances from high to low concentration. Examples: Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion. 2. Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP), moves substances against gradient. Examples: Molecular pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis. 3. Osmosis: Movement of water across a membrane. Hypertonic: Cell shrinks. Hypotonic: Cell swells. Isotonic: Cell stays the same. ATP 1. Structure: Adenine, ribose (sugar), 3 phosphates. 2. Cycle: ATP → ADP + P + energy (exothermic). ADP + P + energy → ATP (endothermic). Energy Flow in Ecosystems 1. Producers: Autotrophs that capture energy via photosynthesis. 2. Consumers: Heterotrophs that eat other organisms (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores). 3. Energy Pyramid: Energy decreases as you move up trophic levels (10% rule). How do consumers get their energy? Consumers eat other organisms to get energy. Then they breakdown the macromolecules inside of them to release ATP in a process called cellular respiration. 4 Types of Consumers: Herbivores (which eat only vegetation) Carnivores (which eat only meat) Omnivore (which eat meat and vegetation) Detritivores (decomposers which eat dead materials) Tropic pyramids are models that show how energy flows through an ecosystem: Energy Pyramid: represents the energy available at each trophic level; levels ALWAYS get smaller as you go up the pyramid (Remember the Rule of 10!) Numbers Pyramid: represents the number of organisms at each trophic level; since energy decreases as you go up the pyramid, fewer organisms can be supported Biomass Pyramid: represents the total mass of living organic matter at each trophic level Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 1. Photosynthesis: —> makes glucose Reactants: CO₂ + H₂O. Products: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) + O₂. Location: Chloroplast (thylakoid for light-dependent, stroma for Calvin Cycle). 2. Cellular Respiration: ——> makes water Reactants: Glucose + O₂. Products: CO₂ + H₂O + ATP. HALFWAY THEEEERRREEEE Location: Mitochondria (matrix for Krebs Cycle, inner membrane for ETC). Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Type of reaction Endothermic Exothermic Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle Step 1 Occurs in Grana (membrane Occurs in Mito. Matrix (fluid stacks in chloroplasts) in the mitochondria) Uses/splits water Uses glucose (as pyruvate Makes oxygen after glycolysis) Makes carbon dioxide Calvin Cycle Electron Transport Chain Step 2 Occurs in Stroma fluid in the Occurs in Inner membranes chloroplasts) of the mitochondria Uses carbon dioxide Uses oxygen Cell Cycle 1. Purpose: Growth and repair of cells. 2. Phases: Interphase (growth and preparation): G1 (Gap 1): Cell grows, makes proteins. S (Synthesis): DNA replication occurs. G2 (Gap 2): Cell grows more, prepares for division. Mitosis (nuclear division): Prophase: Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form. Metaphase: Chromosomes align in the center. Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate. Telophase: Chromosomes decondense; nuclear membranes reform. Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, forming two identical cells. 1. What is the cell membrane made of? Phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. 2. Order of macromolecule digestion? Carbohydrates → Lipids → Proteins. 3. Functions of proteins? Enzymes, structure, immune defense, signaling, etc. 4. Which macromolecule stores the most energy? Lipids (9 cal/gram). 5. Reason for different protein structures? Shape determines function. 6. What do enzymes do? Speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. 7. Another name for an enzyme? Catalyst. 8. Factors affecting enzyme activity? Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, inhibitors. 9. What happens if an enzyme changes shape? It loses function. 10. Difference between endocytosis and exocytosis? Endocytosis brings substances in, exocytosis expels substances out. 11. Molecules passing through the cell membrane easily? Small, nonpolar molecules like O₂, CO₂. 12. Difference between passive and active transport? Passive: No energy required (e.g., diffusion). Active: Requires energy (e.g., molecular pumps). 13. Difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Photosynthesis: Makes glucose, uses light. Cellular respiration: Breaks down glucose to make ATP. 14. Photosynthesis chemical equation? CO₂ + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂. 15. Cellular respiration chemical equation? C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + ATP. 16. Parts of chloroplast and their functions? Thylakoid: Light-dependent reactions; Stroma: Calvin Cycle. 17. Parts of mitochondria and their functions? Matrix: Krebs Cycle; Inner membrane: Electron Transport Chain. 18. What types of cells go through the cell cycle? Eukaryotic cells. 19. Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic: No nucleus. Eukaryotic: Nucleus present. 20. Difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms? Unicellular: One cell; Multicellular: Many cells. 21. Three types of osmosis? Hypertonic (shrinks), Hypotonic (swells), Isotonic (no change). 22. Difference between simple and facilitated diffusion? Simple: Direct movement; Facilitated: Uses proteins. ‫ﷲ ﯾوﻓﻘﻛم ﻛﻠﻛم ﻣن اﺧﺗﻛم ﺑﺳﻣﮫ ﻣﻌرﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟووووﻓﻔﻔف ﯾوووو‬