Assessment of Joints Anatomy and Histology PDF

Assessment joints, Anatomy and Histology Anatomy: 1. Temporomandibular joint (articulatio temporomandibularis) – the bones forming the joint, types, ligaments, and species differens. Bones forming the joint: Formed by the squamous part of the skull and the condylar process of the mandibula Types:...

Assessment joints, Anatomy and Histology Anatomy: 1. Temporomandibular joint (articulatio temporomandibularis) – the bones forming the joint, types, ligaments, and species differens. Bones forming the joint: Formed by the squamous part of the skull and the condylar process of the mandibula Types: Composite joint, because between the bones we have an articular disk. If a joint has more than 2 articular surfaces/structures it is classified as a composite joint and not a simple joint. Ligaments: Small animals: Ligamentum laterale. Large animals: Ligamentum laterale and Ligamentum caudale Species differences: In small animals like dogs and pigs we only have one ligament. In large animals like in horse and ox we have two ligaments 2. Atlanto-occipital joint (articulatio atlantooccipitalis) – the bones forming the joint, types, and ligaments. Bones forming the joint: Between the occipital bone and the first vertebrae Types: Simple Ligaments: Ligamentum laterale, membrane dorsale atlanto occipitalis, membrane ventrale atlanto occipitalis 3. Atlanto-axial joint (articulatio atlantoaxialis)– the bones forming the joint, types, ligaments, and species differences. Bones forming the joint: Between the first and second vertebrae Types: Simple Ligaments: Inside the canal, 2 ligaments: Longitudinal ligament and right alar ligament. Dorsal aspect: ligamentum atlantoaxiale dorsale. Ventral aspect: Ligamentum atlantoaxiale ventrale Species differences: Ventral aspect: Ligamentum atlantoaxiale ventrale only in ruminants and in horses. In dogs and pigs: ligamentum transversum atlantis are only in dogs and pigs. 4. Articulations between adjacent vertebrae (symphysis intervertebralis) (+ short and long ligaments of the vertebral column). Between the corpus we have cartilages (discus intevertebrae) and works as shock absorbance, but in the articular process we have a small synovial joint Long ligaments: Is almost the whole vertebrae column. 3 ligaments: first ligament is on the spinal process, begins from the 3rd thoracic vertebrae and ends on the hip bone (illium), 2nd, which is inside the canal (dorsal longitudinal ligament), begins from the axis and ends on the sacrum, 3rd (ventral longitudinal ligament) begins from the 7th vertebrae and ends on the sacrum Short ligaments: Only between the two vertebrates. Are between the processus spinosus (ligamentum interspinalia), between the transverse processes (ligamentum intertransversia), between the arcuses (ligamentum flava (aca, yellow ligament)) 5. Nuchal ligament (ligamentum nuchae)– structure and species differences. Structure: 2 parts, the first part looks like a rope which is called funiculus nuchae, and starts from the occipital part of the skull and ends on the 3rd or sometimes 5th thoracic vertebrae. The second part is flat and is called lamina nuchae, which is located under the funiculus nuchae. Supports much of the weight of the animal when the head is held high, and relieving load from the head and neck musculature Species differences: Large animals: has the same structure. Small animals: like pigs and cats don't have nuchae ligament at all because they have a short neck and strong muscles. In dogs they only have funiculus nuchae, it starts from the axis. 6. Articulations of thoracic vertebrae and the ribs (articulationes costovertebrales) – the bones forming the joint, the types of articulations (according to the shape), and ligaments. Bones forming the joint: Between the ribs and the thoracic vertebrae. Two joints: 1st formed by the junction of the vertebrae and the head of the rib (caput costae) this junction is called articularis capitis costae. 2nd bw the vertebrae and the collum costae, the junction is called costotransverse articulation Types: Ligaments: Bw the vertebrae and the caput costae which is called ligamentum capitis costae. Another ligament is bw the collum costae and the vertebrae which is called costaetransverse ligament. Another ligament between the tuberculum costae and the vertebrae (ligamentum tuberculum). Ligamentum intercapitale, is between the left and right rib, ribs are connected by this ligament. 7. Shoulder joint (articulatio humeri) – the bones forming the joint, types, ligaments, and species differences. Peculiarities of the shoulder joint in birds. Bones forming the joint: Scapula and the humerus Types: Simple joint, multiaxial joint Ligaments: ligamentum coracohumarale, Ligamentum glenohumerale laterare and ligamentum glenohumerale mediale Species differences: Large animals (ox, horse and pig) only one ligament: ligamentum coracohumarale. In carnivals there is two intral ligaments: Ligamentum glenohumerale laterare and ligamentum glenohumerale mediale Birds: 8. Elbow joint (articulatio cubiti) – the bones forming the joint, types, ligaments, and species differences. Ligaments of the proximal radioulnar articulation in carnivores. Bones forming the joint: Distal of the humerus and the radius and ulna Types: Composite joint, uniaxial Ligaments: If there's a uniaxial joint it means that we have two collateral ligaments. One ligament is lateral which is called ligamentum collaterale laterale and from the medium, ligamentum collaterale mediale. Species differences: In large animals, bw the radius and ulna we have one ligament called membrane interossea antebrachii. In carnivals: one elastic ligament bw the radius and ulna called ligamentum olecrani. Ligaments of the proximal radioulnar articulation in carnivores:They have one extra synovial joint bw the radius and ulna which is called articulatio radioulnaris. They have two connections called, articulatio radioulnaris proximallis and articulatio radioulnar distalis. Movement is limited. The main ligament is called ligamentum anulare radii which keeps the radius and ulna together. 9. Carpal joint (articulatio carpi) – the bones forming the joint, types, ligaments, and species differences. Bones forming the joint: Distal of the radius and ulna, the carpal bones and the proximal of the metacarpal bone. Types: Hinge, composite, uniaxial joint. Ligaments: ligamentum collaterale laterale, ligamentum collaterale mediale, many ligaments bw the carpal bones. ligamentum intercarpeum interosseum (same row), ligamentum intercarpea dorsalia, (ligaments bw the carpal and the metacarpal bone). Ligamentum accessorioulnare, … Species differences: 10. Phalangeal joints (articulatio carpi) (metacarpophalangeal, proximal and distal interphalangeal joints) – the bones forming the joint, types, ligaments and species differences. Species differences: Ruminants: ligament bw the cloves: lig. interdigitale proximale and lig. interdigitale distale. Carnivals: ligg. dorsalia, bw the claws and the bone Metacarpophalangeal: Bones forming the joint: metacarpal bone, proximal phalanx and the sesamoid bone Types: uniaxial, composite, hinge Ligaments: Lig. collaterale. bw the sesamoid bone and the metacarpal bone: lig. sesamoideum collaterale, lig. sesamoideum obliquum, lig. sesamoideum rectum. Proximal interphalangeal joint: Bones forming the joint: Proximal and middle part Types: Uniaxial, saddle joint Ligaments: Lig. collaterale Distal interphalangeal joint: Bones forming the joint: Middle and the distal part, sesamoid bone Types: Uniaxial, composite, saddle joint Ligaments: Lig. collaterale. lig. sesamoideum distale impar. 11. Sacroiliac joint (atriculatio sacroiliaca) – the bones forming the joint, types, ligaments, and species differences. Bones forming the joint: Sacrum and the hip bone Types: simple joint, plane joint, tight joint (very limited or no movement) Ligaments: Species differences: in carnivals only have two ligaments, the first ligament is lig. sacroiliac dorsale and the other rone is lig. sacrotuberale. 12. Hip joint – ( articulatio coxae)the bones forming the joint, types, ligaments, and species differences. Peculiarities of the hip joint in birds. Bones forming the joint: hip bone and the femur, (acetabulum and the femur) Types: simple, multiaxial. Ligaments: lig. capitis ossis femoris ( strong ligament) Species differences: 13. Stifle joint – (articulatio genus) the bones forming the joint, types, ligaments, and species differences. Bones forming the joint: bw the femur and the tibia and the fibula Types: Ligaments: Species differences: 14. Tarsal joint –(articulatio tarsi) the bones forming the joint, types, ligaments, and species differences. Bones forming the joint: bw the tibia and the fibula and the metatarsal bones. Types: Ligaments: Species differences: Histology: 15. What is the structure of articular cartilage? Hyaline cartilage covers the articular surfaces of movable joints is termed articular cartilage. There’s no perichondrium, What zones does it consist of? Their histological structure. 4 zones: Superficial (tangential) zone: Is pressure resistant region closest to the articular surface. It contains elongated and flattened chondrocytes surrounded by a condensation of type II collagen fibrils that arranged in fascicles parallel to the free surfaces Intermediate (transitional) zone: Lies below the superficial zone and contains round chondrocytes randomly distributed within the matrix. Collagen is less organized and is arranged in a somewhat oblique orientation to the surface. Deep (radial) zone: is small, round chondrocytes that is arranged in short columns perpendicular to the free surface of the cartilage. The collagen fibrils are positioned bw columns parallel to the long axis of the bone. Calcified zone: A calcified matrix with the presence of small chondrocytes. This zone is separated from the deep (radial) zone by a smooth, undulating, heavily calcified line called the tidemark. Above this line, proliferation of chondrocytes within the cartilage lacunae provides the new cells for cartilage growth. In articular cartilage renewal, chondrocytes migrate from this region toward the joint surface. 16. What are the components of the synovial joint? The synovial membrane is formed by a layer of collagenous fibers interspersed with flattened fibroblasts (synovial cells). This membrane may lie directly on the fibrous capsule or may be separated from it by connective tissue or fat. It is commonly thrown into folds (synovial villi) that project into the synovial cavity. The synovial membrane is neither a membrane in the cell biological sense nor is it an epithelium. It is specialized, secretory connective tissue. 17. What are the layers of the joint capsule? Their histological structure. Articular cartilage: Hyalin cartilage. Lacks of perichondrium and is not lined by the synovial membrane Joint capsule: Consists of dense connective tissue with blood vessels, lined by the synovial membrane. The capsule is continuous with the edges of the articular cartilage. Synovial membrane: a layer of vascular connective tissue covered by 1-3 layers of synovial cells. There is no basal lamina. 18. Histological structure of the intervertebral disc. Lies of vertebrae bones in the vertebral column. Each disc allows slight movement of the vertebrae, to act as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together, and to function as a shock absorber for the spine. Annulus fibrosus, showing the lamellar layers with fibrocyte-like cells and chondrocytes-like cells. Entire structure is based on fibrocartilage. Nucleus pulposus showing clustered notochordal cells