Asia Final PDF Exam Paper

ASIA FINAL Opium, Great Britain, Qing China From Qianlong to Jiaqing (r. 1796-1821) Then Daoguang (r. 1821-1850) Silver had been imported, it was now being...

ASIA FINAL Opium, Great Britain, Qing China From Qianlong to Jiaqing (r. 1796-1821) Then Daoguang (r. 1821-1850) Silver had been imported, it was now being exchanged for Opium; value was rising, higher taxes for peasants 1834: end of East India Company’s monopoly SIGNING OF TREATY OF NANJING (1842) THE ARROW WAR AKA THE 2ND OPIUM Arresting Chinese Crew, Insulting the Flag WAR 1856-1860 Bombarding Canton (Guangzhou), 1856 Execution of French Missionary Anglo-French occupation of Canton Attack on Tianjin Sacking of Summer Palace Opium Legalized Opium Wars Consequences The Unequal Treaties Loss of Hong Kong China joins the world Comparisons to Japan Internal Migration Population pressure forcing internal migration throughout Qing empire 1800: Pop 300M 1850: Pop 400M? North China Famine (1876-1877), 13M dead New Treaty Ports Provincial Peripheries Taiwan God’s Chinese Son: Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864) Born of the Hakka minority sub ethnicity in rural southern China Failed the Intermediate Civil Service Examinations 4x, Nervous Breakdown Sees a “Heavenly Father and Older Brother,” later interpreted as God and Jesus The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Taiping Rebellion Civil War From cult of thousands to movement of millions Open War begins 1850 Ends with defeat of by Imperial Forces in 1864 Estimated 20-30 million lives lost (1850 pop ~430M; 1870 Pop ~360m) In some places, 50% of population killed, cities razed and survivors massacred Should ‘The West’ be at the center of the Taiping Hong and Taiping religion shaped US story? missionaries  Without this encounter, would there have been a civil war? Revolutions: Political (US / French), Economic (Industrial) Imperialism and the export of ideals like democracy and capitalism Zeng Guofan And The Hunan Army Born 1811, in Hunan Province Rises to highest ranks of bureaucracy via exams Organizes local militia, the “Hunan Army,” that is superior to the imperial forces Victory over the Taiping leads to strengthening of Confucian values in Qing China HOW IS THE TAIPING CIVIL WAR Praise for Zeng and the Hunan Army for saving REMEMBERED AFTER, AND TODAY? the Empire Critique of Zeng for propping up the tottering Qing Critique of Zeng for his retrograde Confucianism Praise of Zeng for loyalty, skill, traditionalism LI HONGZHANG (1823-1901) Subordinate to Zeng Guofan Raises his own army (Anhui aka Huai) Succeeds his mentor Zeng, shapes foreign policy Negotiates Treaty of Shimonoseki 19TH CENTURY QING RULERS Jiaqing (1796-1820) Daoguang (1820-1850) Xianfeng (1850-1861) Tongzhi (1861-1875) Guangxu (1875-1908) Cixi (1861-1908) EMPRESS DOWAGER CIXI (1835-1908) Consort to Xianfeng Emperor Regent to her son, Tongzhi 1861 Coup 1875 mysterious death of emperor Nephew becomes new emperor Cixi regent until 1889 The Tongzhi Restoration “The Superior Man Makes Himself Strong” Solid Ships and Effective Guns Contrast to the Meiji Restoration Possible war with Russia,1881 Qing-French War 1884-5 over Vietnam SELF STRENGTHENING MOVEMENT Industry (1861-1895) Military Communications Education Transportation STEM Education?!  Zongli Yamen Translators Military Academies Customs Tariffs FIRST SINO-JAPANESE WAR (1894-1895) Internal fighting within Korea matches with Qing and Japanese efforts to maintain dominance Western belief in Qing victory Qing reinforcements stopped Weihaiwei forts seized, Qing guns used against Qing ships TREATY OF SHIMONOSEKI Ends war in April 1895 No more Qing domination over Korea Surrender of Taiwan and Liaodong Treaty ports for Japan 200M tael payment Would have been worse if Li Hongzhang hadn’t been shot in the face by Japanese Nobody is happy THE HUNDRED DAYS REFORM (1898) Abolition of traditional civil service exams – new format, new content Educational and economic reforms Concerns that these reforms were too western and would ​weaken throne Cixi Comeback THE BOXER REBELLION (1900) Anti-foreign / anti-Christian movement, practicing magic Cixi supports Boxers Boxers famously siege Peking legations Foreign invasion to save, court flees Boxer Protocol signed 1901 Damages: 450M taels (1B with interest?) (annual state revenue 250M) COMMODORE PERRY Perry visits, 1853 Lessons learned from Opium wars and Qing humiliation? Dying Shogun asks for Daimyo advice: Western domains more prosperous Treaty of Kanagawa, 1854, treaty ports PROXIMATE CAUSES OF MEIJI From “Revere the emperor, Expel the barbarians” RESTORATION to “Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Army” Choshu fails Attack foreigners? Learn from French  (Shogunate) or British (Satsuma and Choshu)? Imperial ordered Shogunate punishment of Choshu EMPEROR VS SHOGUN? Tokugawa Shogun retires, 1867 Samurai seize imperial palace, 1868 Short Boshin War Emperor Meiji goes to Edo Confucian loyalty? Break with past? Aristocratic Revolution Enthusiasm for western ideas FUKUZAWA YUKICHI (1835- 1901) Prominent Westernizer Japan should leave Asia “A government but no nation” Traditionalists attack Westernization Violent resistance to change (abolish Japanese language to learn English?) A NEW JAPAN? Emperor as symbol used by Meiji oligarchs Central state takes over domain lands, overrepresentation of Western Domains (Choshu, etc.) Samurai stipend is 1/3 of government revenue, unsustainable, leads to discontent Saigo Takamori’s rebellion, 1877, symbolizing the death of the old Samurai class OTHER MEIJI REFORMS Ito Hirobumi (1841-1909) German cultural influences Push for Self-government 1889 new constitution 1890 education rescript State-sponsored Economic industrialization (Sapporo) Compete with the West Zaibatsu Conglomerates Japan remains poor and preindustrial PREHISTORY OF VIETNAM Evidence of wet-field agriculture Bronze drums Yue / Viet Au Lac and Co Loa Van-lang? Hung Kings? (earliest references are from 978!) VIETNAM AS CHINESE FRONTIER Red River Delta Formerly part of Qin Empire Conquered by Han in 111 BC Separated, re-integrated  Known as Annam, “The Pacified South” DAI VIET, CHAMPA, KHMER Dai Viet, Vassal of Song Dynasty Chinese used as writing system until 19th century Close relationship to Buddhism Ly and Tran dynasties Angkor emerges in 9th Century, South Indian Influences Trinh family over Tonkin in the north (Hanoi) Nguyen family over Cochinchina in the south (Saigon / Ho Chi Minh City) Colonized? No, politically organized but not developed UNIFIED VIETNAM Gia Long Emperor (r. 1802- 1820) Nguyen Dynasty, unifies Vietnam for the first time East Asian elites vs SE Asian peasants Modernization, not much maritime trade FRENCH COLONIAL VIETNAM 1859 French warships seize Da Nang, Saigon 1882 seizure of Hanoi 1885 recognized by Qing as French protectorate Vietnamese Empire becomes French Indochina, re-divided into three parts again LATE CHOSON KOREA Autonomous state? Loyal to Ming, apathetic to Qing? Equal to Tokugawa Japan? Rebuffs foreign approaches Parallels to mid-19th century Qing China and Meiji Japan: a restoration 1876 Treaty of Kanghwa leads to treaty ports KING KOJONG (R. 1864-1907) Ascends to throne, age 12 Father as Regent until 1873, anti-Christian and isolationist policies 1882 Mutiny to return father to power fails because of Qing support, setback for Japanese ambitions MEIJI JAPAN AND CHOSON KOREA Meiji desire for Restoration of previous Korean subordination to Japan (?!) 1884 Japanese supported Gapsin coup by reformers, King and Queen in protective custody Successful Chinese counterattack, setback for reform and Japanese ambitions (again) TONGHAK REBELLION Parallels to Taiping movement? Japanese intervention, remaining, dominance Modernization (Kabo) reforms Fiction of autonomy Leads to calls for Qing assistance, which then  leads to seizure of Korean palace by Japan 1894-5 WAR AND ITS CONSEQUENCES Korean government forcibly reorganized, modernization Railways and haircuts Assassination of Queen Min, 1895 Kojong escapes to Russian Embassy for one year, assumes throne as emperor Cultural modernization The 1905 Qing Reforms AKA “The New Policies” Many of 1898 reforms now supported by Cixi Elections to Representative body: “Provincial Advisory Council” Elimination of Civil Service Exam New Military Academies and New Technologies Parallels to Japan’s Meiji reforms of 1860s Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi (1906– 1967) November 13, chosen by Cixi to become Xuantong emperor at age of 2 November 14 predecessor Guangxu dies under mysterious circumstances November 15 Cixi dies Forced to abdicate in 1912 Kang Youwei (1858-1927) and Liang Qichao Leaders of the 1898 Hundred Days reforms, now (1873-1929) in exile Still want to reform the Qing Kang writes theories, classical Chinese Liang sees SF Chinatown, pessimistic about democracy, fears violence Sun Yatsen (1866-1925) Travels the world, appeals to overseas Chinese On a visit to London, imprisoned Involved in multiple failed uprisings Organizes Revolutionary Alliance in Tokyo In Denver, learns of revolution via newspaper Returns in time to be elected first president of the new Republic of China Quickly turns things over to Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai (1859-1916) Fails civil service exams Studies at military academies Imperial Resident in Korea, but recalled prior to start of War with Japan in 1894 Engages in Modernization efforts Leader of most developed and modern Qing military Loyal to empress dowager in 1898 Tasked with fighting rebels  in 1911 Negotiates peace Becomes President in March of 1912 “The Great Thief Who Stole the Nation” Rival Song assassinated Bans KMT as a political party Declares self emperor Dies Final farcical attempt to restore Pu Yi by “Pigtailed Warlord” Zhang Xun in 1917 for two weeks Republican Revolution Aka 1911 Revolution aka Xinhai Revolution Starts on October 10 with mistake Begins in Wuhan, spreads to rest of empire Leads to abdication of child emperor in Feb 1912 LU XUN (1881- 1936) Traditionally educated family Studies medicine in Japan Arranged marriage Treat the spirit, not the body Writes in vernacular Chinese Possibly the most influential writer in China of 20th century “NEW YEAR’S SACRIFICE” (1924) THE NEW CULTURE MOVEMENT AKA THE Protests against the Treaty of Versailles Against MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT MAY 4 1919 traditional China / Chinese ideas Westernization Science and Democracy KARL MARX (1818-1883) Inspired by Hegel’s dialectic Against Hegel’s mind-centered ideology Leads to ‘dialectical materialism’ Socialism: collective ownership without coercion Scientific socialism: economic conditions, social evolution Division of Labor Means of production and changing technologies: New class solidarity VLADIMIR LENIN (1870-1924) Leads October Revolution of 1917 Revolutionary Party (Leninist) political consciousness in masses via labor, not only education Democratic Centralism Dictatorship of the proletariat Appeals to the have-nots Can inevitable victory be accelerated? Not by the peasants! They are a sack of potatoes CHIANG KAI-SHEK (1887-1975) AKA JIANG Studies in Japan JIESHI Head of Whampoa Military Academy Successor  to SunYatsen Anti-Communist, but works with Communists in Northern Expedition Leader of Republic of China, 1927- NORTHERN EXPEDITION 1927-28 Anti-warlord Unify the nation Silver Bullets! ZHANG ZUOLIN (1875-1928) Powerful Warlord Based out of Manchuria “The Old Marshal” Defeated by Northern Expedition Assassinated by Japanese, June 4 1928 MASSACRE IN SHANGHAI, APRIL 1927 YOUNG MAO ZEDONG (1893-1976) Teacher, librarian, revolutionary Founding member, Communist Party of China /Chinese Communist Party (CPC or CCP) One of the only survivors of the 1927 antiCommunist purge Rural peasant oriented, not urban worker THE NANJING DECADE, 1928-1937 MORE UNITY, BUT STILL NOT A LOT THE NEW LIFE MOVEMENT, 1934 Against socialism, liberalism, individualism, foreign influence Inspired by Christianity and Confucianism THE JAPANESE COLONY OF TAIWAN, Transferred from Qing to Meiji Japan with Treaty 1895-1945 of Shimonoseki “Model Colony” – Japan’s first Strategic location, raw materials, market for finished goods Japanese investments in modernization: agriculture, industry, infrastructure Forced cultural assimilation, esp. post 1937 Remembered fondly by some, given next stage THE JAPANESE VICTORY OVER RUSSIA, Both empires with ambitions in NE Asia Russia 1905 empire far larger and more modern, can lose more Japanese defeat Russia, but at high cost, negotiate peace Japanese public disappointed by relative lack of benefits Japan free to formally annex Korea as a colony in 1910 TAISHO DEMOCRACY Meiji Emperor (r. 1868-1912) Taisho Emperor (r. 1912-1926)  Showa Emperor (r. 1926-1989) Poor health as a child Possible mental health issues Ascends to throne age 32 No public duties after 1918 TAISHO DEMOCRACY IN GLOBAL On the side of the victors in World War I Without CONTEXT rivals in Northeast Asia Recognized as Global Power, but dissatisfied with and leaves Paris Peace conference Producers of war material for allies Able to militarily and financially pressure New Chinese Republic TAISHO CHANGES Symbolized by the “Modern Girl” Westernization but also Japanese Nationalism Economic growth and instability, stock market crashes and bankruptcies Rural – Urban inequalities Suppression of Communists and those thought disloyal to emperor TAISHO POLITICS Multiple Assassinations of Senior Officials Belief in existential threat and “Total War” Rejection of liberalism following American anti-immigration policies 1923 Kanto earthquake Civilians lose control of military THE JAPANESE COLONY OF MANCHURIA Desire for population relief, exploitation of natural resources and space Investments by Japan, most industrialized part of China by end of World War 2 Puppet State,showcasing benefits of Japanese rule Ideals of East Asian Co-prosperity Reality of racial discrimination and exploitation MANCHUKUO Zhang Zuolin Assassinated by Japanese, June 4 1928 Mukden incident of 1931 Japan, condemned by international community, leaves League of Nations THE LAST EMPEROR Henry Pu Yi Child Emperor in 1908 Emperor of Manchkuo in 1934 Ambitions for rest of China Does whatever Japan says THE JAPANESE COLONY OF KOREA, Ideals of East Asian Co-prosperity 1910-1945 Reality of racial discrimination and exploitation Highly intrusive state Large numbers of Japanese in Korea THE JAPANESE COLONY OF KOREA, Ideals of East Asian Co-prosperity 1910-1945 Reality of racial discrimination and March 1 1919 Movement Cultural Assimilation / Eradication Industrialization and Modernization 20% of population uprooted Millions fighting on the side of the Japanese in WW2 100k “Comfort Women” Lasting resentment UNDER THE BLACK UMBRELLA (2001) Collection of interviews Koreans in Northern California Decades afterwards XI’AN INCIDENT, DECEMBER 1936 The Old Marshal killed in 1928 by the Japanese, Young Marshal takes over Young Marshal forced to retreat from Japanese Manchukuo, joins Chiang Young Marshal kidnaps Chiang, forces him into second united front with CCP to fight Japanese MARCO POLO BRIDGE INCIDENT, JULY 7 AKA Lugou Bridge Incident AKA 7/7 Incident 1937 The Lost Japanese Private Japanese belief that aggression would be met with capitulation The First Battle of WW2? “BLOODY SATURDAY” Shanghai, August 1937 Stalling action by KMT against Japanese military Three months Shock to Japanese Famous photograph – fake news? Staged propaganda? NANJING MASSACRE AKA “RAPE OF December 1937 NANKING” Chinese soldiers flee from Shanghai area to Nanjing Japanese soldiers take out their frustrations on population “Who can behead 100 people first?” FLOODING OF YELLOW RIVER, 1938-1947 Strategic effort to prevent Japanese pursuit Dikes destroyed,river direction altered, plain flooded Immediate death of ~50k+, later death of ~500k+ Adds to resentment of KMT forces FIVE CHINAS (1940) Manchukuo (Japanese Occupied) Occupied East Coast KMT Chongqing (Nationalist free china) CCP Yan’an (communist china) Taiwan (Japanese empire) WANG JINGWEI, 1883-1944 Anti-Qing Hero Heir to Sun Yat-sen Japanese Collaborator Opportunist Protect China by working with Japan WAR IN THE PACIFIC Desperation for raw materials Oil Embargos Pearl Harbor Bombed, Dec 1941 Hong Kong, Singapore, Java, Manila captured by Japanese within weeks ALLIED COUNTERATTACKS Coral Sea, Midway naval battles Amphibious invasions of Guadalcanal, etc. Industrial War Bombing of Japan Atomic warfare, 1945 ALLIED AGAINST THE JAPANESE Chongqing, August 1945 Mao and Chiang meet following Japanese surrender Encouraged to maintain alliance, prevent war CCP supported by Soviet Union, KMT supported by US CivilWar breaks out, CCP unexpectedly win “LOST” CHINA Soviet support for CCP KMT mismanagement? Chiang Kai-shek incompetence? Did the CCP win or the KMT lose? 228 INCIDENT, TAIWAN Context: KMT new arrivals have clashed with local population since 1945 Unpopular economic policies Misguided expectations on both sides February 27, 1947: street vendor assaulted Feb 28: Island-wide protests Rebellion and WhiteTerror for next four decades CHRISTMAS RAPE, 1946 US Marines rape Chinese college student Anti-foreign protest for months after THE FOUNDING OF THE PRC Chairman Mao proclaims the founding of the People’s Republic of China Beijing, October 1, 1949 PENG DEHUAI (1898– 1974) Military Commander of Chinese “Volunteers” in North Korea Experiences there persuade him of modernization, rather than masses Professional, rather than political Later Minister of Defense STALIN AND MAO Not a super close relationship but Mutual respect Should the new PRC emulate the Soviet Union? LIU SHAOQI (1898 – 1969) Trained in Soviet Union Labor Organizer in Japanese-Occupied Areas 1st Five Year Plan Heavy Industry Soviet-Style State led Mao’s Chosen Successor THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD Surpass England and America Steel production as the metric Backyard Steel Furnaces The Will of the People can surpass material constraints COLLECTIVIZE AGRICULTURE “People’s Communes” Skewed data on production and consumption Incentives for effort are distorted Unintended consequences LUSHAN CONFERENCE, 1959 Peng private critique Mao public response Doubling down on GLF policies Eventually: 30 million die Mao forced into self-critique, stepping back from spotlight MAO STEPS BACK 1962 “7000 cadres conference” GLF deaths are “30% weather, 70% human error” Pressured by senior leadership (above: Zhou, Liu, Deng), Mao self-criticism Mao no longer President but still Chair of Party LIN BIAO (1907-1971) Defense Minister after Peng Supported Mao Zedong Thought “Learn From Lei Feng” WHO IS LEI FENG? Soldier Dies at 21 in a random traffic accident -Not very heroic But elevated by Lin Biao- “learn from Lei Feng”  Study like Lei Feng, he helps elderly women, he is a good repair man, when you're working in the fields think about Lei Feng- he was a generally good guy but his myth became like captain America- propaganda- used as a tool The Cultural Revolution AKA “The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” Ten Years of Madness? More complex than just saying they were mad- Intense Red Guard phase: 1966-1967 -“Bombard the Headquarters”- fight the powers that be “Destroy the Four Olds (ideas, culture, customs, habits)” -How much does the old impact society? PLA (army) and Lin Biao takeover: 1967-1971 The Gang of Four in charge: (1972-1976) Mao’s following Splits among the Red Guards due to factions- who is the most Mao loving ○ Weapons and explosives against each other ○ Prominence of Red ○ He looks heroic and framed as though we are looking up to him ○ People Holding up yellow balls Mangos- One ambassador brings Mangos with them and Mao sees this and gives the Mangos to the Red Guards- Mao is so generous- we need to treasure and respect this- becomes a symbol of Mao and people worship it Song Binbin AKA Song Yaowu ○ Devout follower of Mao ○ She says she never did anything but teachers fell out of windows Sino-Soviet Split ○ Formerly close ideological and strategic allies  ○ Shared borders and ideas make friends… and enemies ○ Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia and Vietnam Ping Pong Diplomacy ○ 1971 World Table Tennis Championship, Japan ○ The American on the Wrong Bus ○ The Invitation to Visit China Nixon goes to China ○ US president Nixon ○ Passionate anti-communist ○ How to end the Vietnam war? ○ How to win the cold war? ○ What to do about Taiwan The Shanghai Communique ○ What to do about Taiwan? ○ KMT still enjoyed significant US support ○ Recognition finally switched in 1979 ○ What does the document actually say? Taiwan does not get a say China taking ownership of Taiwan Does not say very much Mysterious Plane Crash ○ “Project 571” ○ Plan to replace Mao ○ Lin and family try to flee ○ Plane crashes ○ The Authority of CCP, public disillusioned and Mao diminished- were they fooled? Body was never actually confirmed but apparent number 2 is no longer apparent Jiang Qing (1914-1991) ○ Shanghai actress, Wife of Mao ○ Only Revolutionary Art permitted ○ Strong voice for the GPCR  ○ Throughout , now far more prominent after Lin’s death ○ Leader of “the gang of four” ○ “Criticize Confucius, Criticize Lin Biao!” 1976 in China ○ Jan. 8: Death of Zhou Enlai ○ April 5: Mourning in Tiananmen square becomes protest, state violence against protestors ensues ○ July 6: Death of Zhu De ○ July 28: Tangshan Earthquake ○ Sept 9: Death of Mao 1976 Tiananmen Incident ○ April gathering to mourn Zhou Enlai ○ Becomes venue to voice oppression to GPCR ○ Is this a critique of Mao? ○ Suppression by armed forces The end of an Era ○ Mao dies ○ Cultural revolution officially ends ○ Gang of Four tried and purged ○ New replacement Hua Guofeng (1921-2008) Who is to Blame? ○ Lin Biao did everything? ○ The Gang of Four did everything? ○ Mao did everything? ○ The CCP did everything? ○ The Chinese did everything? Ten years of madness ○ The trial identifies the gang of four as guilty and responsible of everything Post-Colonial Korea ○ August 10, 1945 ○ Cols. Dean Rusk and Charles “Tick” Bonesteel III decide that the 38th parallel is where Korea should be divided  ○ Culturally coherent and homogeneous ○ Now split, temporarily between Soviet and American Zones The 38th Parallel ○ Two states in 1948: Republic of Korea (south) US Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North) USSR Unification is not an if but a when… Liberation ○ The unexpected surrender? ○ Americans in seoul (⅔ population) ○ Soviets in Pyongyang (industry, better equipped and experienced military) ○ An afterthought for both superpowers? Acheson’s January 1950 Speech ○ Signal of US Non-intervention? ○ The green light? Him not mentioning these places basically makes it look like the US won’t support these places There had always been ambitions to invade South Korea so is it really the speech that gave them the green light More saying those places cannot be dependent ○ June invasion by North Korea ○ UN action in support of South Korea, led by USA ○ Bottom line: Signifies US does not care what happens in Korea- saying they won't defend Incheon Landing, 1950 ○ Strategic reversal  ○ Saves SK state from almost certain annihilation ○ Leads to continued march north of SK forces past 38th parallel, nearly to Yalu River border with China Stalemate, July 1951-??? ○ Chinese counterattack, Fall 1950 ○ Provoked by US advance ○ Total victory or cease fire ○ New leaders and armistice, 1953 ○ The DMZ today The Battle of Seoul ○ Capital of US-supported SK, 1945-1950 ○ 6/50 1st Battle: NK takeover ○ 9/50 2nd battle:SK takeover ○ 1/51 3rd battle: PRC-NK recapture ○ Spring 1951 4th battle: SK recapture Syngman Rhee (1875-1965) ○ Hardline anti-communist, pro-american ○ In exile during majority of Japanese colonial period ○ Supported by US to be president (1948-1960) ○ Corrupt, violently repressed political dissent, better than the alternative Douglas Macarthur (1880-1964) ○ Five-star general, US army ○ War hero, in Asia since 1937 ○ Possible US presidential candidate ○ Overall commander of UN/SK forces ○ Plans Incheon landing ○ Dismissive of Chinese counterattack ○ Wanted total victory ○ Fired by Truman for critique Kim Il-sung (1912-1994) ○ Guerilla fighter against Japanese ○ Supreme leader of North Korea from 1948 until his death ○ Personality cult ○ Succeeded by son Kim Jong-il (1941-2011) and grandson Kim Jong-un (1983-): hereditary dictatorship? North Korea ○ We don't know much- how do we know what we know? ○ Socialist monarchy/ personality cult ○ Initial economic success but later stagnation and starvation ○ Possible nuclear ballistic missiles South Korea until 1960 ○ Land redistribution policies ○ US economic aid, against japan ○ April revolution ○ The end of the first republic, 1960 ○ The end of the second republic, 1961 ○ A US colony? Pre-World War II: French Colony ○ Vietnam as of “french indochina”, colony of empire ○ From 1862, gradual incorporation of first south, then middle, then north after sino-French War in 1884 ○ 18k French over 17M locals Vietnam and japan (1940-1945) ○ Fall takeover to prevent resupply to KMT and chiang Kai-shek ○ Nominally under vichy (French collaborator) control after 1940 fall of Paris, eventually ○ North of the 16th Parallel surrendered by Japan to KMT South to Europeans Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) ○ Communist Revolutionary ○ Leads Anti-Japanese Guerilla War  ○ Leader of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North) ○ Leads war against French ○ Domination of South (1946-1954) 1st Indochina War: Vietnam and France, ○ Anti-imperialist and communist (1945-1954) northern forces fight France, mostly in the north ○ Geneva Conference meets to establish peace in Korea and Indochina ○ Day after conference opens, France loses battle of Dien Bien Phu ○ Conference results in independence for Vietnam and temporary division at 17th parallel between communist DRV (North) and Republic of Vietnam (South) until national elections ○ Temporary division becomes permanent ○ France withdraws, America steps in 2nd Indochina war: Vietnam and America ○ Domino Theory opposing (1955-1975) Communism leads to direct US support for South ○ Unpopular first president removed via military coup, 1963 ○ US and North Vietnam escalate conflict ○ 1968 Tet Offensive is communist defeat, but leads to negotiated peace ○ Nixon elected, peace treaty signed ○ Spring offensive leads to fall of Saigon 1975 Douglas Macarthur (1880-1864) ○ De facto dictator 1945-48 ○ Protect emperor from possible war crimes prosecution ○ Yet reduces his mystique Tokyo Trials (1946-48) ○ International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) ○ Modeled after anti-Nazi ○ Nuremberg Trials ○ War criminals against peace ○ Command responsibility ○ Emperor responsibility ○ Emperor, Unit 731, others, not charged The Liberal Democratic Party ○ Since 1955, in charge with only a few interruptions (1993-1996; 2009-2012) ○ Close relationship between Japan/ US ○ Close relationship with Japanese business interests Article 9 ○ “Japanese people forever renounce war” ○ No military permitted ○ Japanese Self-Defense Force; 250k personnel, 1.19% GDP (9th in the world) ○ Collective self-defense Economic Miracle ○ Benefits from cold war, korean war ○ Becomes second largest economy in the world by 2010 (now #4) ○ Japanese Mercantilism, led by MITI (Min. of Intl Trade and Industry) ○ Ends with 1973 oil crisis Japan as #1 ○ Cultural exceptionalism? “Japanese people work very hard while others do not” ○ Intellectual property theft ○ Japanese property market ○ 45% of LA real estate owned by Japan  ○ Japan bashing (Vincent Chin, 1982) Bubble bursts ○ Imperial palace value exceeds CA ○ 1985 plaza accord intended to rebalance trade deficit ○ Financial deregulation ○ Uncontrolled money supply, asset price bubble ○ Land prices don’t start growing again until 2017 Soft power in Asia ○ Global brands: Toyota, Sony, Nintendo ○ Culture: Pokemon, Anime, Hello Kitty ○ Financial investments, alternative to PRC economic domination ○ Another “Greater East Co-Prosperity Sphere” Postmodern Japan ○ Rapidly falling fertility rate ○ Kodokushi: dying alone ○ Hikikomori: Social withdrawal ○ Karoshi: working to death ○ Cults: 1995 subway sarin attack, assassination of ex-PM, 2022 3rd Indochina War: Vietnam and China ○ 1978: following attacks, vietnam invades cambodia, ends Khmer Rogue Genocide ○ 1979: PRC- Vietnam skirmishes, three-week war, relationship not normalized until 1990 Vietnam and Vietnam ○ Population- 100m (US 330 m) ○ Life expectancy: 75 yrs (US:78) ○ Economic Growth: GDP per capita from $USD 700/year in 1968 to $4500 in 2023 ○ Continuation of Communist policies, but with market-based economic reforms ○ Long term goal of socialism? Vietnam and the world ○ Nationalism or communism? ○ What is the role of ethnicity? ○ Economic domination of Chinese minority group in Vietnam does not match population size ○ Rival to PRC over south china sea disputes, now an important US partner? ○ Largest exporter in Vietnam? Park Chung Hee (1917-1979) ○ Poor upbringing ○ Japanese Military Academy in Manchuria: model for Korea? ○ Political Chaos after Syngman Rhee leaves ○ Major General, military coup ○ Developmental dictatorship ○ Elected president 1963 ○ Normalizes relationship with Japan, 1965 Chaebol Economy ○ Government promotion of select industries ○ Family-run conglomerate (samsung, Hyundai, emerge, dominate economy) ○ Growth via exports ○ Too big to fail ○ Corrupt but not too corrupt ○ Fear leads to heavy industry and a desire for independence Miracle on the Han river ○ Rapid economic growth ○ Against “expert” advice ○ Foreign support? ○ Cheap labor? ○ Discipline and hard work? Assassination of park chung hee, 1979 ○ Preceded by death of wife, 1974 ○ Nearly loses election of 1971 ○ 1972 “yushin” constitution cements power, 4th republic ○ Opposition grows, protests  ○ Inner circle politics leads to his death Gwangju Uprising May 1980 ○ Aka Kwangju massacre ○ Martial law post- park ○ Nationwide student protests ○ Violent suppression leads to more protest, riots, troops ○ 200k participants, 2k deaths ○ Rebellion led by opposition? North Korean conspiracy? American support? William Gleysteen Jr. (1926-2002) Telegrams ○ US ambassador to korea, 1979-81 ○ Witness to: Park assassination Chun Coup Gwangju Massacre Arrest of Kim Dae-jung ○ What does he know? What does he say? What could he do? IMF Crisis, 1997-1998 ○ Chaebols overleveraged ○ Forced restructuring ○ Collection of Gold ○ Painful memories of foreign intervention ○ New international outlook and willingness to take risks Park Geun-Hye (1952-) ○ Daughter of park chung-hee, steps in for mother after her death ○ President of south korea (2013-17) ○ Sinking of Sewol ferry (2014) ○ Chaebol corruption, college admissions and family cults ○ Impeached (2017) imprisoned for five years pardoned (2022) for national unity and health Korea and the world today ○ Population: 51m ○ Life expectancy:82 years ○ Same GDP per capita as Japan  ○ Korean wave as soft power Hua Guofeng (1921-2008) ○ Successor to Mao ○ Two Whatevers Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997) ○ Long March Veteran ○ Senior leader emphasizing results over ideology ○ Rival to Gang of Four, purged for being #2 capitalist roader, returns ○ Blamed for April 5 incident, purged again ○ Returns, pushes out Hua Guofeng ○ Rehabilitates purged ex-colleagues ○ Appoints proteges to high office ○ “I don’t care if the care if the cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice” Results based- not so concerned with the method Third Plenum ○ December 1979 ○ Reform and opening up ○ Four modernizations: Industry, agriculture, national defense, science and tech ○ Deng goes to America ○ China invades Vietnam Household responsibility system ○ 1978: Temporary measure at the margins Replaces Collective Farming “Domestic side-occupations” Not agreed upon by all Increases production and productivity ○ 1983: official recognition Hu Yaobang (1915-1989) ○ Long March Youth  ○ Protege of Deng ○ Advocate for political reforms ○ General secretary of CCP ○ Blamed for 1980s protests ○ Forced to resign ○ Parallels with Zhou Enlai? ○ Dies, 1989 1976 Tiananmen Incident April,1989 ○ 4/15: Hu Yaobang dies ○ 4/22: official funeral ○ 4/26: people’s daily editorial ○ 4/27: demonstrations May, 1989 ○ 5/4: Anniversary ○ 5/13: Hunger strike begins ○ 5/15: Gorbachev visits ○ 5/18: Li Peng Meetings ○ 5/19: Zhao visits, vanishes ○ 5/20: Martial law ○ 5/28: Chai Ling Interview Zhao Ziyang (1919-2005) ○ Post-long March Generation ○ Moderate and purged during CR ○ 1975: Advocate for economic reform in sichuan ○ Premier of State Council, CCP General Secretary, Successor to Deng ○ Sympathetic to protestors? ○ Dismissed and under house arrest Li Peng (1928-2019) ○ Foster son of Zhou Enlai ○ Succeeds Hu Yaobang not in favor of market reforms ○ Villain to students ○ Face of crackdown June, 1989 ○ 6/2: Second hunger strike ○ 6/3: Troops move in- people killed on their way ○ 6/4: Square cleared- no one technically died but violence  ○ 6/5: Tank man ○ 6/9: Deng speech Chai Ling, 1966- ○ Princeton BA, Harvard MBA ○ Founds internet startup ○ Converts to christianity ○ “All girls allowed”- advocate against one child policy and chinese gender discrimination Wu’er Kaixi, 1968- ○ AKA Uerkesh Davlet ○ Relocates to Taiwan ○ Unsuccessful elections ○ Activist against CCP ○ Badly wishes to return to China, see family Wang Dan,1969- ○ Arrested and imprisoned, twice ○ Exiled, Harvard History PHD ○ Teacher in Taiwan ○ Advocate for Chinese democracy ○ MeToo accusations One Child Policy and The Changing Chinese ○ A large population Population and Family ○ Growth needs to be stopped ○ Exceptions: minorities, rural ○ Enforcement and Incentives ○ 2016: Policy ends ○ Skewed sex ratios ○ Little emperors Deng’s Southern Tour ○ Post-1989, should growth slow down ○ Avoid inflation and social turmoil- look at former soviet union ○ Jan.-Feb. 1992: Deng goes to special economic zones in Shenzhen, Guangzhou, etc. ○ Initially ignored in media Development is overriding importance ○ Is it okay for some places to get rich first? ○ Ideology cannot supply rice  ○ Catch up with the four little dragons The four little dragons ○ Aka the four asian tigers, asian miracle ○ Rapid post war industrialization ○ Neoliberal policies? State intervention? ○ Export-led economic development ○ Asian values and confucianism? Hong Kong ○ Special Administrative Region of the people’s republic of CHina as of 1997 ○ 7.4 million residents, majority Han ○ High GDP per capita, but significant income inequality ○ Economically free 1841: Treaty of Nanjing cedes Hong Kong Island to Great Britain in perpetuity 1860: 1st Convention of Peking cedes Kowloon Peninsula to Great Britain in perpetuity 1898: 2nd Convention of Peking cedes New Territories to Great Britain for 99 years 1945: Hong Kong begins to industrialize 1967: Riots from protests against colonial government 1984: Thatcher – Deng meeting, Joint Declaration 1997: Handover / Retrocession of all of Hong Kong to PRC 2014: Umbrella Movement protests 2019: Extradition protests Post World War II Population Growth Attractive as stable center for international trade Migrants fleeing 1949 civil war Strains on infrastructure 2014 Umbrella Movement ○ Follows 2012 occupy central protests ○ Sparked by disappointment concerning election nominations  ○ Sit-ins blocking traffic, affecting non-protesters ○ Eventually dispersed by police ○ Leaders jailed THATCHER AND DENG, 1984 What to do when the New Territories lease is over in 1997? A Special Economic Zone? One Country, Two Systems Fifty years of procrastination 2019 Anti-extradition Bill Protests ○ Extradition of Murderer from Taiwan ○ Occupation of government space ○ Moderates and Radicals ○ Siege of Universities ○ Leaderless Riots, effect on elections ○ COVID, National security law LI KA-SHING (1928-) Self-made billionaire and philanthropist Role model to many HK entrepreneurs Supportive of PRC until recently TAIWAN, AKA THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA 24 million residents Free market developed economy Close economic ties with PRC Contentious political relationship with PRC TAIWAN TIMELINE 1895: Qing Empire cedes Taiwan to Japan in Treaty of Shimonoseki 1945: Japan returns Taiwan to Republic of China 1947: 2-28 Incident, White Terror / Martial Law begins 1949: KMT and Chiang Kaishek settle on Taiwan 1954: First Taiwan Straits Crisis 1957: Second Taiwan Straits Crisis 1975: Death of Chiang Kai-shek 1979: Kaohsiung / Mei-Li-Tao incident 1986: Martial Law lifted 1990: Taipei Spring / Wild Lily Student movement 1995-6: Third Taiwan Straits Crisis, first free and direct elections 2000: First peaceful transfer of power between parties Chiang ching-kuo ○ Eldest son of chiang kai-shek ○ Senior positions in KMT, Including head of secret police ○ President of Taiwan 1978-1988 ○ Accelerates political reform and eventual democratic transition, ends white terror and martial law Kaohsiung Incident (Dec 1979) ○ AKA Mei-li-tao/formosa magazine incident ○ Organized opposition to kmt one-party rule ○ Demands for democracy ○ Police suppression ○ Depicted as pro-independence ○ Arrest and imprisonment of Eight leaders 1990 protests, Taipei ○ AKA student march movement or wild lilies movement ○ Lee Teng-hui elected ○ Six-day sit-in ○ Lee amenable to demands, pledges democratic reforms ○ 1996: direct elections take place Overseas chinese ○ 50 million individuals today ○ Largely southeast asia ○ 80% of chinese foreign investment ○ Soft power to/from the PRC Singapore ○ Colony of British Empire, 1819 ○ Independent in 1957, part of malaysia ○ Independent from malaysia, 1965 ○ Most westernized ○ International trade and services ○ Disneyland with the death penalty Falun Gong ○ Aka Falun Dafa ○ Founded early 1990s ○ Opposed CCP  ○ Millions of adherents around the world ○ 1999 protest, tiananmen square ○ Banned as a cult Chinese Christianity ○ Official and unofficial ○ Nobody knows how many ○ More christians than communists Xinjiang ○ Since 1949, state-sponsored mass migration of majority Han into relatively underpopulated northwest ○ Muslim Uyghur people oppressed? ○ July 2009 Riots ○ 2013 car attack,Tiananmen Square ○ 2014 knife attack, Kunming ○ 2017 mass internments Chinese soft power ○ High global cultural influence ○ Movies education ○ Especially africa Jack Ma (1964-) ○ Alibaba founder and billionaire ○ English teacher, startup ○ Not seen in public for multiple years as regulators examined his businesses Xi Jinping ○ Current general secretary of CCP many other titles ○ Son of CCP senior leader ○ Consolidating power and censoring more than before ○ More aggressive political and international policies