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What is History? ​ History originated as a derivation of historia, an ancient Greek term for learning through inquiry (Hoefferle, 2013). It is usually defined as the study of past events. ​ Merriam Webster Dictionary denotes that history refers to a chronological record of significant e...

What is History? ​ History originated as a derivation of historia, an ancient Greek term for learning through inquiry (Hoefferle, 2013). It is usually defined as the study of past events. ​ Merriam Webster Dictionary denotes that history refers to a chronological record of significant events such as those affecting a nation or institution, often including an explanation of their causes. ​ The American Historical Association, on the other hand, currently defines history as the never ending process whereby people seek to understand the past and its many meanings. ​ Aristotle once said, history is a systematic account of a set of natural phenomena. It is also an investigative work because people aim to satisfy their thirst for truth. ​ In Philippine settings, Zeus Salazar, defined history Kasaysayan, the counterpart of history in the mother tongue, is an essential narrative with a group of people that is characterized by uniqueness and identity. Zeus Salazar, a prominent Filipino historian, redefined the concept of history in the Philippine context by introducing the term "Kasaysayan" as the Filipino equivalent of "history." He argued that Kasaysayan is not simply a collection of past events but a narrative that holds meaning and significance for a specific group of people, shaping their unique identity and cultural heritage. HISTORY The Relevance of History Collingwood (1976) Through history, the present generation could assess the feats and defeats of the previous generations and can learn not only from their errors but also from their victories. The following relevance of history were enumerated by Peter Stearns (1998). History contributes to Moral Understanding History helps us understand people and societies History provides Identity History is essential for Good Citizenship. History is a big part of our lives. It helps us understand what is happening now and how we got here. Many things that happened in the past have a big impact on what's happening now. MAIN TYPES OF WRITTEN SOURCES Primary Sources: Definition: Direct accounts from eyewitnesses or those present at the event, including: ​ Diaries, audio recordings, artifacts, letters, newspaper articles ​ Documents like birth certificates, marriage contracts, death certificates ​ Visual sources like artwork, photographs, and videos Secondary Sources: Definition: Accounts written by individuals who were NOT present at the event, often relying on primary sources. Examples include: ​ Bibliographies, commentaries, annotations, dictionaries, encyclopedias ​ Journal articles, magazines, monographs, and textbooks Unwritten Sources: ​ Definition: Sources that don't exist in written form, but provide valuable historical insights. These include: ​ Archaeological Evidence: Artifacts, ecofacts, tools, ornaments, fixtures, etc. ​ Oral Evidence: Folk tales, myths, legends, folk songs, popular rituals ​ Material Evidence: Photographs, artwork, videos, sound recordings Classification and Types of Historical Sources -​ Relics -​ Remains -​ Testimonies THE TEJEROS CONVENTION Summary: The book seeks to provide a thorough analysis of the Katipunan and the life narrative of Andres Bonifacio’s and their crucial role in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial power. It starts with the discussion of strengthening the defenses of the areas due to the persistent mistrust, resentment, and hostilities between the Magdalo and Magdiwang tribes. Thus, the objective seeks to also mend the revolutionary movement’s internal conflicts in order to work together and repel the Spanish army.​ Andres Bonifacio based his decisions on the consensus of prominent katipuneros​ Emilio Aguinaldo believed in centralized decisions in effectively carrying out plans. ABOUT SANTIAGO V. ALVAREZ (author of the katipunan & the revolution) -​ Member of Magdiwan Council, serving as Captain-General of its forces -​ Fought the Spaniards in the Battle of Noveleta in 1896 with his father: -​ Father: General Mariano Alvarez & cousin General Pascual Alvarez THE BOOK: THE KATIPUNAN AND THE REVOLUTION -​ Assembly at Tejeros convened on March 25 1897 -​ Presided and signed by Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras (magdiwang council) -​ Present are: Andres Bonifacio -​ ELECTION OF THE NEW KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN President: Emilio Aguinaldo Vice-president: Mariano Trias Secretary: Gen. Artemio Ricarte Secretary of War: Emiliano R. de Dios Secretary of Interior: Andres Bonifacio (ni-reconsider nila na lawyer ang ma-elect dito which is si Jose Del Rosario)​ Minister of War: Ariston Villanueva Minister of finance Minister of welfare Minister of justice Captain-general: General Viboras CONFLICTS IN THE ELECTION -​ Raised by Diego Mojica (Magdiwang secretary of treasury) warned Bonifacio that the ballots given were already filled out and the voters had not done this themselves. Bonifacio ignored this remark. -​ Noong nanalo sa eleksyon si Bonifacio bilang Secretary of Interior, pina-reconsider ito ni Daniel Tirona dahil hindi abogado si Bonifacio instead, si Jose del Rosario nalang daw. -​ Hindi ito tinanggap ni Bonifacio at tinutukan ng baril si Tirona at umalis at nawala sa crowd. -​ Dineclare ni Bonifacio as null and void ang lahat ng napag-usapan sa meeting. -​ Tinuloy ang meeting sa friar estate house in Tejeros. -​ Walang pumunta sa mga Magdalo, at may sabi-sabi na nagkaroon ng sariling meeting ang Magdalo leaders sa parish house sa Tanza. THE REVOLT OF THE MASSES: THE STORY OF BONIFACIO AND THE KATIPUNAN (TEODORO AGONCILLO) -​ Magdalo argued that the continuance of Katipunan government was no longer necessary. -​ Magdalo further contended that being small, Cavite must not be divided between the two factions. -​ Magdiwang followers argued that the Katipunan already had a constitution and by-laws duly approved and enforced in the Islands.  -​ Ariston Villanueva, minister of war, said that if a new government was to be established, Andres Bonifacio must occupy the presidency without election as he organized and planned the entire revolutionary movement. -​ The Magdalo group objected and insisted on an election. -​ The assembly became heated and was adjourned, each faction left without any definite understanding. -​ January 1897, during the town fiesta of San Franciso de Malabon, there was a series of rifle shots. -​ The shots came from Captain Mariano San Gabriel, also a Magdiwang man. -​ First important election of the Katipunan government was held at the former summer resort of the friars. -​ Because of the recent battle by the two factions, not all Magdalo leaders were able to attend. MAGDIWANG REPRESENTATIVES: -​ Andres Bonifacio -​ Jacinto Lumbreras MAGDALO REPRESENTATIVES -​ Mariano Alvarez -​ Baldomero Aguinaldo -​ Pascual Alvarez -​ Daniel Tirona -​ Santiago Alvarez -​ Cayetano Topacio -​ Luciano San Miguel -​ Antonio Montenegro -​ Mariano Trias -​ others -​ Severino de las Alas -​ Santos Nocon -​ Teodoro Gonzales -​ Others -​ Jacinto Lumbreras, acting president of the Magdiwang opened the convention. -​ Discuss muna nila sa introduction, specifically Magdiwang members: Teodoro Gonzales & Severino de las Alas na bago pag-usapan kung paano poprotektahan ang Cavite, dapat mag-agree muna sila sa uri ng gobyerno na mamumuno sa bansa. -​ Sabi ni Lumbreras, mayroon na raw government, upon the founding of the Katipunan, its Supreme Council, its Provincial Councils, and its Popular Councils, and that the meeting was called to adopt defensive measures. -​ Hindi kontento si De las Alas doon, inargue nya na ang K sa flag ng Katipunan ay hind nag-iidentify sa uri ng gobyerno na meron sila. -​ Bonifacio remarked that all the Katipuneros from the Supreme Heas to the lowest member, recognized the principle of Unity, Fraternity, and Equality. -​ Since paulit-ulit lang na nagtatalo ang dalawang faction, tumayo ang isang Magdalo na si Antonio Montenegro, na sinasabing pag hindi nila inayos yung misunderstanding nila, magmumuka lang silang hayop without reason. ELECTION President: Emilio Aguinaldo Vice President: Mariano Trias Captain General Director of War Emiliano Riego de Dios Director of Interior: Andres Bonifacio - nagkagulo uli dahil mas gusto ng Magdalo na ma-elect si Jose del Rosario as Director of interior dahil abogado siya. - Nilabas ni Bonifacio ang revolver nya at tinutukan si Tirona pero pinigilan siya ni Ricarte. - MEETING WAS CONSIDERED NULL. Method of History: Definition: The method involves thoroughly examining and critically analyzing past records and survivals to reconstruct and determine the accuracy of historical events. Focus: The accumulation of data from the past for scientific analysis following specific rules.  Examples: Diaries, audio recordings, artifacts, letters, and visual sources like artwork, photographs, and videos. Historiography: Definition: Historiography involves reconstructing historical data that have been tested by the historical method and synthesizing them into a nahrrative or discourse. Focus: Writing history books, research such as theses, dissertations, articles for publications, and presentations at conferences and seminars. Authenticity and Credibility in Historical Research: Authenticity: Refers to the originality of sources, with a focus on using primary sources to access raw data without the interpretations of historians. Test of Authenticity (EXTERNAL CRITICISM/LOW CRITICISM): Done to determine the genuineness of sources and to differentiate between real accounts and fabricated or misleading information. Test of Credibility (INTERNAL CRITICISM/ HIGH CRITICISM): Focuses on the reliability and trustworthiness of sources, including the competence and willingness of the source to tell the truth, adequacy of data relayed, and reliability when corroborated by other sources. Internal Criticism: Involves assessing the credibility of sources by examining their competence, willingness to tell the truth, adequacy of data, and reliability when compared to other independent sources. Biases in Historical Accounts: Objectivity: Acknowledges that objectivity and judgment-free accounts do not exist in history, as even primary sources contain biases. Biases in Sources: Biases can stem from the author's perspective, affiliation, acclamation of individuals and institutions, preferences, manner of description, and one-sided viewpoints. Minimization of Biases: Biases should be minimized to ensure that historical accounts are not influenced by personal views or agendas, thus avoiding the pitfalls of biased or misleading interpretations. In summary, the method of history involves analyzing past records to reconstruct historical events, while historiography focuses on synthesizing this data into narratives. Authenticity and credibility are essential in historical research to ensure the reliability of sources, while minimizing biases is crucial for producing objective and accurate historical accounts. ​ Misinformation is information that is false, but the person who is disseminating it believes that is true. ​ Disinformation is information that is false and the person disseminating it knows it is false. It is a deliberate, intentional lie, and points to people being actively disinformed by malicious actors. ​ Malinformation is information that is based on reality but used to inflict harm on a person, organization or country ____________________________________________________ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg Summary of the First Voyage Around the World Antonio Pigafetta: Background Antonio Pigafetta (1491-1531) was an Italian scholar and explorer from a wealthy family in Vicenza. His background allowed him to study astronomy, geography, and cartography. He served as the chronicler of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, being one of only 18 crew members who returned to Spain from approximately 270 participants. Pigafetta's account is a primary source for understanding the expedition, contrasting with other sources like Maximilianus Transylavanus’ compilation of crew interviews. He accepted the title supernumerary becoming a strict assistant of Magellan and kept an accurate journal.​ The only sailor to report the voyage would be Francisco Albo, who kept a formal logbook. Juan de Carategeña was named Inspector General of the expedition, responsible for its financial and trading operations. Overview of Pigafetta’s Account; Pigafetta documented Magellan's voyage from its launch to its return, detailing encounters with various peoples, hardships faced, and Magellan's arrival in the Philippines. His narrative includes encounters with native rulers, the establishment of friendships, and Magellan's eventual death. Four versions of his account exist: one in Italian and three in French, the latter becoming the basis for subsequent translations. Summary of the Expedition The expedition departed from Seville on August 10, 1519, with five ships: Victoria, Concepcion, San Antonio, Santiago, and Trinidad. After navigating the West African coast and Brazil, the crew faced mutiny but continued their journey. On October 21, 1520, Magellan discovered the Strait of Magellan, allowing passage to the Pacific Ocean. The crew endured severe conditions, including starvation, until they reached Guam on March 6, 1521. Upon landing in the Philippines on March 16, 1521, Magellan established relations with local rulers, including Rajah Colambu and Rajah Humabon, through blood compacts ( pagkakaibigan ) and baptisms. However, not all chieftains welcomed the Spaniards; Lapu-lapu of Mactan refused to ally with them. Confident in their strength, Magellan led an attack against Lapu-lapu on April 27, 1521, but was defeated and killed, leading to a retreat of his men. Aftermath Disenchanted with the Spanish defeat, Rajah Humabon plotted with Magellan's slave, Enrique, to kill the remaining Spaniards during a feast. Twenty-four of the twenty-six attendees were killed, including Duarte Barbossa, Magellan's successor. The surviving crew members fled Cebu and continued their journey, reaching Palawan, Brunei, Mindanao, and the Moluccas. Ultimately, the expedition split into two routes. Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese, while the Victoria, commanded by Sebastian de Elcano, successfully returned to Spain on September 6, 1522, after nearly three years. Of the original 270 crew members, only 18, along with four Indians, survived the journey Enriquie De Malacca - slave translator ni Magellan Ang limang barko ng ekspedisyon ni Magellan Victoria: Ang tanging barko na nakumpleto ang paglalakbay sa buong mundo, bumalik sa Seville noong Setyembre 6, 1522, na may 18 nakaligtas na miyembro ng crew. Concepcion: Sinunog ni Magellan or ng crew ewan ko, ang barkong ito sa Pilipinas noong 1521 upang hindi ito makuha ng mga kaaway na katutubo. San Antonio: Ang barkong ito ay tumakas sa ekspedisyon sa Strait of Magellan noong 1520 at bumalik sa Espanya. Santiago: Ang barkong ito ay nasira sa isang bagyo sa baybayin ng Patagonia noong 1520. Trinidad: Ang barkong ito, matapos makarating sa Pilipinas, ay nasamsam ng mga Portuges noong 1522. Nang maglaon ay ibinalik ito sa Espanya ngunit nawala sa dagat sa isang kasunod na paglalakbay. ____________________________________________________ Customs of the Tagalogs https://docs.google.com/file/d/15LNgfaEDtxFpLXElbzcmhxeET5ogym1t/edit?usp=docslist_api&filetype=mspresen tation I. Document Overview Authorship and Publication: Written in 1589 by Fray. Juan de Plasencia, a Franciscan missionary, this document was later included in The Philippine Islands (1903) and the Philippine Journal of Sciences (1958). Its significance lies in its preservation of pre-colonial Filipino traditions and its early role as a form of civil code. II. Author Background Fr. Juan de Plasencia (Juan Portocarrero): A 16th-century Franciscan missionary who arrived in the Philippines in 1578. He played a significant role in the early evangelization efforts, founding towns and authoring religious and linguistic works, including the first book printed in the Philippines, Doctrina Cristiana. The provided text highlights his dedication and, surprisingly, his advocacy for the native population, contrasting with the often-negative portrayal of Spanish colonizers. III. Historical Relevance The "Customs of the Tagalogs" offers invaluable insight into pre-colonial Philippine society. It demonstrates a level of societal organization and complexity that counters narratives of a primitive, uncivilized population before Spanish colonization. The document's value lies in: -​ represent ng civil code ng pilipinas -​ form ng civil code noon -​ Evidence of Pre-Colonial Civilization: It refutes the notion that Filipinos were uncivilized before colonization. Preservation of Traditions: It safeguards knowledge of pre-colonial customs, beliefs, and social structures. Understanding of Barangay System: It provides details about the barangay, the basic unit of social and political organization. IV. Content Analysis: A Structured Approach A. Government and Social Structure Dato: The village chief, described as needing reform by Fr. Plasencia. His authority, limitations, and judicial role are detailed. Maharlicas: The free class, with specific rules regarding inter-village movement and marriage. Their social mobility and inheritance laws are clearly outlined. Slaves (Alipin): Divided into alipin namamahay (relatively free) and alipin saguiguilir (servants). The text explains the acquisition and renunciation of slave status, highlighting the various pathways to and from servitude (inheritance, debt, war, crime). The system is presented not merely as labor exploitation but also as a system of punishment and debt repayment. Acquisition of slave status: -​ Inheritance from a preexisting slave status. eg. Passed down from a slave parent to a child. -​ Prisoners of war, may be acquired from opposing barangay. -​ Buying of slaves -​ Committing of crime: Crimes, unless warranted by death penalty, were punished by fines. Slavery happens in case of payment failure. -​ Debt: Back in the day exists of usury, if the debtor is unable to pay the creditor, the debtor must give half of his lands and profit until it's paid. It is inheritable, and may be doubled in failure of payment. -​ usury ( di nababayaran ang utang, ang inutangan dapat makakatanggap ng half na pagmamay-ari niya) Renouncing of slave status ( pagkawala ng slave status ) -​ Paid the debt -​ Marriage or pregnancy (the slave woman will become free) -​ Forgiveness Committing of crime -​ Crimes, unless warranted by death penalty, were punished by fines. Slavery happens in case of payment failure. Debt -​ Back in the day exists of usury, if the debtor is unable to pay the creditor, the debtor must give half of his lands and profit until it's paid. It is inheritable, and may be doubled in failure of payment. B. Marriage and Inheritance  Dowries (Bigay-kaya): The complex system of dowries is explained, including the various gifts exchanged between families (himaraw, panghihimuyat, bigay suso). The text emphasizes the economic and social significance of these transactions. Dowry is a property or money be it gold, jewel or land in the family of the wife or the wife; dowry is also known as bigay-kaya; if a son will marry a chief's daughter, he should give more than the other sons offer; the husband's family should give also give a dowry to the parents of the wife for the sleepless nights she spent during infancy, and it is also known as himaraw; the parents of the husband should also give a gift the the parents of the wife called panghihimuyat for all the rearing the wife into a woman; The husband's parents also give a share of dowry to the wet nurse for taking care the wife when she was a baby and its called bigay suso. himaraw - dapat yung buong pamilya ng lalaki ay nagbibigay ng dowry sa magulang ng asawa niya ( husbands family ) panghihimuyat - parents ng lalaki at ang ibibigay ay gift don sa parents ng babae bigay suso - ang nagpaanak or nurse ay ibigyan ng dowry Inheritance Laws: The rules of inheritance are presented through case studies, illustrating how legitimacy, social class, and parental status affected the distribution of property. The emphasis on social class in determining inheritance rights is a key takeaway. C. Administration of Justice Dispute Resolution: The processes for resolving disputes between individuals and barangays are clearly described, emphasizing the role of impartial arbiters from other villages. -​ ang biktima ay magkakaroon ng arbiter or abogado mula sa ibang villages para i-lead or iassist sa mga nag-aawa -​ pagka dalawang chief ang nag-aaway at ayaw sa gera dapat judge ang mag sesettle at iinom sila ng alak Penalties: The range of penalties, including death, fines, and slavery, is detailed. The connection between unpaid fines and enslavement is explicitly stated. The severity of penalties for insulting the dato's family highlights the importance of respect within the social hierarchy. -​ Death sentence given to those who insulted the wife or children of datu and witches. This could be merited by slavery except by witches who were killed, with the spoils being slaves -​ Fines of Gold, Lands and Products Others pay for penalties. If not done regularly, they become slaves until payment is full. Namamahay or Saguigilid Culprit becomes saguigilid, if he serves his master to whom judgemnet is applied; becomes the former, serving the one who paid the aggrieved. Loans The debtor is subject to a life of toil, gives half of lands and profit. His debt can be inherited by children D. Religious Beliefs and Practices Worship: The text describes the religious practices of the Tagalogs, including their temples (simbahan), rituals, and the importance of various deities (Bathala, Dian Masalanta, Lacapati). Idols and Deities: Key deities and their roles are identified, providing insight into the ancient Tagalog pantheon. Spiritual Figures: Various spiritual figures are identified, including healers (Hocloban), sorcerers (Osuang, Mangagayoma), and those who could inflict illness (Mangangauay, Manyisalat, Mancocolam). The text also mentions the Catolonan as the most powerful spiritual figure. The inclusion of the Tigmamanukan (a bird with symbolic significance) is also noted. WORSHIPS OF THE TAGALOGS ​ Simbahan - temple or place of adoration ​ Sibi - temporary shed on each side of the house with a roof ​ Sorihile - small lamps on the posts of the house, large lamp with leaves of the white palm ​ Small & Large Drums - they beat it successively while the feast lasted, which usually lasted for 4 days.  ​ Bathala - pinaka sinasamba ​ Licha - iba pang mga — ​ Tala - bituwin sa umaga (sinasamba na parang anito) ​ Buaya - buwaya ​ Ibon - nagbabadya ng mangyayari (tigmamanuguin) ​ Pari - catolonan IDOLS ​ Bathala - was described as “may kapal” sa lahat (maker of everything) ​ Sun, Moon, Stars ​ Dian Masalanta - goddess of love, childbirth, peace, and the protector of lovers among the ancient Tagalogs ​ Lacapati - she is the major fertility deity of the ancient Tagalogs. ​ Brave in War - warriors who died in battle OTHER WORSHIPS / PRIEST OF THE DEVIL ​ Tigmamanuguin - asian fairy bluebird, one of two species that have been suggested to be the actual bird referred to by the ancient Tagalogs as the tigmamanukan. ​ Catolonan - man or woman, most powerful rank ​ Mangangauay - can give sickness to its victim ( witches ) ​ Manyisalat - can cause impotence, infertility and sickness ​ Mancocolam - can cause illness and death, emits a powerful fire ​ Hocloban - can heal and cause death, can destroy home, powerful witch ​ Silagan - Eats liver, cause violent deaths ​ Magtatangal - head and body can separate ​ Osuang - can fly, eats flesh, sorcerer ​ Mangagayoma - made the unwilling fall in love, can deceive people ​ Sonat - preacher, can help one die ​ Pangatahojan - seer / fortune teller ​ Bayoguin - Cotquean, Man acting as a woman Inheritance Case 1 : ang mga anak ng dalawang lehitimong asawa ay magmamana ng mana mula sa kanilang mga ina sa anyo ng "dowry" o mga regalo na natanggap ng mga ina sa panahon ng kasal. Bukod pa rito, magkakaroon din sila ng bahagi sa mana ng kanilang ama. Case 2: ang anak ng isang alipin ay walang karapatan sa mana. Ito ay dahil ang mga alipin ay hindi itinuturing na mga mamamayan sa lipunan at walang karapatang magmana. ang mga lehitimong anak ng lalaki ay may obligasyon na palayain ang ina ng alipin. Ibig sabihin, kailangan nilang bayaran ang halaga ng kalayaan ng ina ng alipin. Case 3 : Ang mga anak ng isang hindi kasal na malayang asawa ay itinuturing na "natural children" o mga anak na hindi lehitimo. Kung mayroon nang lehitimong anak ang ama, ang "natural child" ay magmamana ng 1/3 ng mana ng kanyang ama. Ibig sabihin, ang lehitimong anak ay makakatanggap ng mas malaking bahagi ng mana kaysa sa "natural child." Ang pagkakaiba sa pagitan ng lehitimong anak at "natural child" ay nakasalalay sa legal na katayuan ng kanilang mga magulang sa panahon ng kanilang kapanganakan. Case 4 : Ang mga ampon ay may karapatang magmana ng dalawang beses ang halaga ng ibinayad para sa kanilang pag-aampon. After Marriage Maharlikas could not move from one village to another without paying a certain fine in gold. -​ hindi sila pwedeng makapunta sa ibang lugar pag di pa sila bayad -​ ITO ANG MGA DAPAT GAWIN 1-3 taels ( pera )  Banquet to the entire barangay ( magpapakain sa buong barangay ) Failure to pay the fine may result to war between the two barangays Except when one married a woman from other barangay/village the children is divided equally between the two barangays Father : Slave Mother : Maharlica Anak : - Odd numbers - Even numbers - Their class depend on the class of their parents - No certain age of the division of children Father : Maharlica Mother : Maharlica Anak : Maharlica (Not Married) Father : Maharlica Mother : Slave - Free Anak : Free Father : Maharlica Other slave-woman: will give his mother half of gold tael Anak : Half Free & Half Slave Wholy Slave (Not married) Father : Slave Free Mother : Free Anak : Free ___________________________________________________________________________ KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN - aklat ni Emilio Jacinto, “Utak ng Katipunan” ( Mga aral ng katipunan ng mga anak ng bayan ang orihinal na tawag ) -​ Mula sa librong Revolt of the Masses ni Teodoro Agoncillio Salin I. Historical Context: The Colonial Period and the Rise of the Katipunan The Spanish colonial period fueled Filipino desires for independence, culminating in Andres Bonifacio's founding of the Katipunan on July 7, 1892. The failure of the Reform Movement and the dissolution of José Rizal's La Liga Filipina spurred Bonifacio's actions. II. The Katipunan and its Guiding Principles The Katipunan established a code of conduct to maintain order and respect among members. Emilio Jacinto, author of the Kartilya, emphasized katwiran (righteousness) and kaliwanagan (enlightenment) as core principles. The Kartilya symbolized the Filipinos' commitment to ethical principles and respect for humanity. III. Emilio Jacinto: Author Background Emilio Jacinto, known as the "Brain of the Katipunan," served as a young advisor to Bonifacio, eventually rising to the rank of general. Despite his lack of a university degree, Jacinto was highly intelligent, authoring works like Liwanag at Dilim (Light and Shadow), which explored political and social philosophies. He died of malaria on April 6, 1899, at the age of 24, while actively involved in the revolution. IV. The Kartilya ng Katipunan: Content and Significance The Kartilya is a primary source containing the Katipunan's oaths and directives for members. Sold for four kualta, the payment method (individual or chapter) remains unclear. Its influence extended beyond the Spanish-American War, appearing in Philippine Insurgent Records. Bonifacio considered Jacinto's Kartilya superior to his own Decalogue, valuing its focus on aspirations and moral values over a mere listing of duties. V. Influences and Purpose The Kartilya drew inspiration from Masonic lodges in Manila, reflecting ideals of equality and purpose. It emphasized discipline, virtue, and morality for prospective Katipunan members. Violations of the Kartilya's teachings resulted in punishments proportionate to the offense. The Kartilya played a crucial role in guiding Katipunan members, instilling order and moral responsibility within the revolutionary movement. VI. Summary and Conclusion The Kartilya ng Katipunan is a foundational document of the Philippine Revolution. It served as a moral compass for the Katipunan, outlining ethical and moral principles that guided its members' actions. Its emphasis on katwiran and kaliwanagan, combined with its Masonic influences, shaped the revolutionary movement's character and continues to hold relevance in understanding Filipino ideals of nationhood and social justice. The document's enduring legacy lies in its articulation of a moral framework that transcended the specific historical context of its creation. I Ang buhay na hindi ginugugol sa isang matayog at banal na layunin ay punong walang lilim o kung hindi man ay nakalalasong damo. II Ang gawaing magaling na may pagyayabang o may paghahangad ng makasarili ay hindi tunay na kabaitan. III Tunay na kabanalan ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa kapwa at ang pagiging tama sa kilos, gawa, at salita. IV Maitim man o maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat tayo’y pantay-pantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y hihigitan sa dunong, yaman, sa ganda; ngunit hindi mahiihgitan ang kanyang pagkatao. V Mas pinahahalagahan na taong marangal ang kanyang puri kaysa pansariling kapakinabangan; sa taong tampalasan, inuuna ang sariling pakinabang. VI Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa. VII Huwag mong sayangin ang panahon; an yamang nawala ay naibalik; ngunit panahong nagdaan na ay di na muling magdaraan. VIII Ipagtanggol ang inaapi at labanan ang nang-aapi. IX Ang taong matalino’y nag-iingat sa bawat sasabihin; matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.  X Sa matinik na daan ng buhay, lalaki ang siyang gabay ng asawa at mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa masama, sa kasamaan din hahantong ang inaakay. XI Huwag mong tingnan ang babae na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuwang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong buhay; gamitin mo nang buong pagpipitagan ang kanyang (pisikal na) kahinaan, at alalahanin ang iyong inang pinagmulan at nag-aruga sa iyong kasanggulan. XII Ang Hindi mo ibig gawin sa iyong asawa, anak, at kapatid ay huwag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iyong kapuwa. XIII Hindi makikita sa pagiging hari ang halaga ng tao, hindi rin sa tangos ng ilong at puti n mukha, ni sa pagiging pari na kinatawan ng Diyos, hindi sa taas ng katayuan sa lipunan; totoong tao at mataas na uri, siyang laking gubat at walang nababatid kundi sariling wika, yaong may magandang asal, may isang salita, may dangal at puri, yaong hindi nagpapaapi at hindi nang-aapi; yaong marunong magmahal at magmalasakit sa bayang kanyang sinilangan. XIV Sa paglaganap ng mga aral na ito, maningning na sisikat at sasabog ang matamis na liwanag ng araw ng kalayaan dito sa abang kapuluan ng nagkaisang magkakalahi’t magkakapatid, ang mga ginugol nabuhay, pagod, at mga tiniis na kahirapan’y labis nang matutumbasan. Kapag napag-aralan na ang lahat ng ito at naniwala syang kaya nang gawin ang mga magiging tungkulin, maaari nang punan ang pormularyo ng pagsapi. ______________________________________ https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ToU44UnfHkacfBrsBkgnHMmvZLQDInyz/view?usp=drivesdk —----------------------------------------------------------- VISUAL SOURCES Distiction 1.​ Photograph 2.​ Painting 3.​ Cariature 4.​ Video documentary On the Question of Subject Th esubject pertains to what the visual source is all about. What is equally important is if the source shows its subject literally or through a subtext or a concealed meaning. On the Question of Facts A factual piece of information therefore leaves no room for doubt; it leaves no room for uncertainty. On the Question of Intended Observers or Audience “Who are the supposed observers of the photograph?” On the Question of Purpose Who is the photographer? Where did he come from? What was his career or educational background? On the Question of Context If a certain visual material is analyzed and interpreted separately from its milieu, period and existing traditions, the material is detached from its value or meaning. Other Factors Involved Elements as images, colors, lines, etc., might be of some help in understanding the whole piec