AP Exam 4 PDF

- Terms - Gyri/sulci: increase amount of cortex in cranial cavity - Disconnection syndome: when the corpus collosum is cut, causing each hemisphere to be unaware of the other - Aphasia: any language deficit from lesions in Wernicke/Broca area - Nonfl...

- Terms - Gyri/sulci: increase amount of cortex in cranial cavity - Disconnection syndome: when the corpus collosum is cut, causing each hemisphere to be unaware of the other - Aphasia: any language deficit from lesions in Wernicke/Broca area - Nonfluent aphasia: slow speech, difficulty choosing words - Fluent aphasia: made up words - Cerebral lateralization: difference in structure, function between two cerebral hemispheres (correlated with age, males have more lateralization than females) - Electroencephalogram (EEG): recording of brain waves, used for studying normal brain functions like sleep and consciousness (lack of brain waves is criterion of brain death) - Alpha waves: awake and resting with eyes closed and mind wandering - Beta waves: accentuated during mental activity and sensory stimulation - Theta waves: found in children or intensely frustrated, emotionally stressed, drowsy, or sleeping adults - Delta waves: high amplitude, found in adults in deep sleep - Parts of the brain - Cerebrum: develops from telencephalon - Sensory perception, memory, thought, judgment, and voluntary motor actions - Two cerebral hemispheres divided by longitudinal cerebral fissure - Most volume is made of cerebral white matter - Three functional principles - Each hemisphere receives sensory information from and sends motor commands to opposite sides of the body - Two hemispheres have different functions - Correspondence between a specific function and a specific region of cerebral cortex is not precise - Frontal lobe: rostral to central sulcus - Voluntary motor functions, motivation, foresight - Prefrontal cortex: Integrates info from sensory association areas, allows us to perform abstract intellectual activities (ex: predicting consequences of actions) - Parietal lobe: between central sulcus and parieto-occipital sulcus - Integrates general senses, taste - Occipital lobe: caudal to pariteo-occipital sulcus - Primary visual center of brain - Temporal lobe: lateral and horizontal, below lateral sulcus - Functions in hearing, smell, learning - Insula: deep to lateral sulcus - Understanding spoken language, taste - Tracts  - Projection: extend vertically between cerebrum, lower brain, and spinal cord centers - Commissural: cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other - Corpus collosum: most pass through here - Association: connect different regions within same hemisphere - Cerebral cortex: makes up 40% of brain mass, layer of gray matter - Neocortex: 90% of cerebral cortex, six-layered tissue with recent evolutionary origin - Limbic system: center of emotion and learning - Regions of both cerebrum and diencephalon - Links conscious functions of cerebral cortex and diencephalon - Establishes emotional states - Faciliates memory storage ad retrieval - Postcentral gyrus: site where sensory input is received and becomes conscious of stimulus - Exhibits somatotopy: point to point correspondence between an area of the body and an area of the CNS - Vision: primary visual cortex, receives visual signals from eyes - Hearing: primary auditory cortex (receives auditory signals) and auditory association area (recognize spoken words, music, voices) - Taste and smell: primary gustatory cortex and primary olfactory cortex - Precentral gyrus (primary motor area) - Send signals to brainstem and spinal cord → muscle contraction - Language - Wernicke’s area: located in left hemisphere, recognition of spoken and written language - Broca area: located in left hemisphere, generates motor movements of mouth for speaking - Left hemisphere v right hemisphere - Left: categorical hemisphere - Spoken/written language - Sequential and analytical reasoning - Right: representational hemisphere - Seat of imagination and insight - Musical and artistic skill - Cranial nerves: - Sensory (CN 1, 2, 8) - Motor (CN 3, 4, 6, 11, 12) - Mixed (CN, 5, 7, 9, 10) 1. Olfactory (I): sensory function (smell) 2. Optic (II): sensory function (vision) 3. Oculomotor (III): motor function (eye movement, iris) 4. Trochlear (IV): motor function (eye movement) 5. Trigeminal (V): sensory (face, mouth) and motor (mouth)  6. Abducens (VI): motor function (eye movement) 7. Facial (VII): sensory (taste) and motor (facial expressions) 8. Vestibulocochlear nerves (VIII): sensory function (hearing, balance) 9. Glossopharyngeal nerves (IX): sensory (taste) and motor function (head and neck) 10. Vagus (X): sensory (viscera) and motor (digestive, respiratory) 11. Accessory (XI): motor function (neck, upper back) 12. Hypoglossal nerves (XII): motor function (tongue movement) - Oh Owen Owes Three Trolls Apples From Vienna. Got Very Angry Hyenas. - Olfactory, occipital, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal - Some Say Many Mimosas Builds Muscle But Sugar Bounces Balls Many More - Sensory, sensory, motor, motor, both, motor, both, sensory, both, both, motor, motor