Animal Tissue PDF

# Animal Tissue ## Epithelial - **Epithelial Animal Tissues** - The covering or protective tissues in the animal body are called animal tissue. - Epithelium covers most organs and cavities within the body - Epithelial tissue cells are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet. -...

# Animal Tissue ## Epithelial - **Epithelial Animal Tissues** - The covering or protective tissues in the animal body are called animal tissue. - Epithelium covers most organs and cavities within the body - Epithelial tissue cells are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet. - They have only a small amount of cementing material between them and almost no intercellular spaces. - Epithelium is permeable, and plays an important role in regulating the exchange of materials within the body and the external environment and also different parts of the body. - Epithelium is usually separated from the underlying tissue by an extracellular fibrous basement membrane. ### Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue - Present where transportation of substances occurs through a selectively permeable surface. - Thin, flat cells. - **Location:** lungs (alveoli), blood vessels ### Stratified Squamous Epithelium - Many layers which prevent wear and tear. - **Location:** Skin - Thin, flat cells ### Cuboidal Columnar Epithelium - Present where absorption and secretion occurs as in the inner lining of the intestine. - Facilitates movement across epithelial barrier. - Tall epithelial cells. - **Location:** intestines ### Ciliated Columnar Epithelial - Cilia - hair-like projections - The cilia can move and their movement pushes the mucus forward to clear it. - **Location:** respiratory track, fallopian tube, sperm duct ### Cuboidal Epithelium Tissue - Cube-shaped cells. - Provides mechanical support. - **Location:** kidney/ salivary glands ### Glandular Epithelium - Epithelial cells often acquire additional specializations and become glandular, which can secrete substances at the epithelial surface. - So, a glandular epithelium, there are folds inward and in the epithelium, glands are formed. ## Muscular Animal Tissue - **Elongated cells, also called muscle fibers** - Responsible for movement in our body. - Muscles contain special proteins called _contractile proteins_, which contract and release to cause movement. ### Striated/ Skeletal Muscle - **Location:** attached to bones - **Voluntary** (we can control) - Striations - black and white bands - **Multinucleated** - Body movement - Cylindrical ### Smooth Muscle - **Location:** Internal organs (digestive system, iris, uterus) - **Involuntary** - No striations (unstriated) - Uni-nucleated ### Cardiac Muscle - **Location:** Heart - **Involuntary** - Striations (light) - Branched - Cylindrical - **Heart beat** (function) - Uni-nucleated ## Connective Tissue - Cells are loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular matrix. - Matrix differs in accordance with the function of the particular connective tissue. ### Blood - **Matrix:** plasma - RBC, WBC, platelets. - Plasma contains proteins, salts, hormones, nutrients, gases, liquid food, waste products. ### Lymph - **Matrix:** Plasma - WBC, platelets. - **Function:** defense, transport WBC, and filters pathogens, destruction of wastes and fats. ### Bone - **Matrix:** Hard solid made of calcium and phosphorus. - Forms a framework (supports the body). - Inflescible and strong. - **Cells:** Osteocytes - **Function** - Bones attach to bones - Very little mobility - Elastic - Considerable strength ### Tendon - Much of soft tissue - Fibrous tissue - Limited flexibility - Great strength. ### Cartilage - Cells are called chondrocytes. - Widely spaced cells. - Solid matrix (proteins + sugars). - Smoothens bone surface at joints. - Present in the nose, ear, trachea and larynx. ### Areolar - Found between the skin and muscles and in the bone marrow. - Fills space inside the organs, supports internal organs - Helps in repair of tissues ### Adipose - Fat storing. - Found within / between internal organs. - Filled with fat globules - Acts as an insulator. ## Nervous Tissue - Cells possess the ability to respond to stimuli. - Cells of the nervous tissue are highly specialized for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another within the body. - Cells are called nerve cells/ neurons. ### Neuron - **Cell body** with nucleus and cytoplasm - **Long thin brain-like portions** called dendrites - **Axon** (myelin sheath) - **Nerve endings** - **Synaptic knobs** - **Neuron** - Im long. Many nerve fibers found together form a nerve. - **The signal travels along the neuron** (nerve impulse) - **The signal causes us to move our muscles** - **Nerve impulse allows us to move our muscles** - **Junction of two neuron** = **synapse**