Animal Science PDF - Class Notes

 Animal science 09/23 In class Understand animal behavior Quizzes will be online after class on your own No required textbook 3 written exams & I hour todo them I final exam Quizzes Attendance...

 Animal science 09/23 In class Understand animal behavior Quizzes will be online after class on your own No required textbook 3 written exams & I hour todo them I final exam Quizzes Attendance is on you: if you want to be here then Keys to success come Just come to class Review slides night before Develop study skills Not a fan of group studying Why is animal science important? Human anatomy-omnivore Dairy - U.S. 6% How much we spend on food > leather Draft (pulling) still important By products are animal base Food for Army (fuel) What is animal science? Product, research, byproduct, pets, medicine , zoos, bugs, Terms Good Titles  Sex classes (make flashcards) I Terminology: z S Wild Feral Introduced domesticated Tame Invasive Wild animal- have not been domesticated & usually living in natural environment - Naturally ferocious Living in natural environment Undomesticated Domestication- animal kept by humans for work food source or pet. - Selective breeding Genetically adaptive I Dog , Pig, Cat, Mouse Feral- Domestic species Living in wild state or condition · Cats readily become feral! I Usually go back-into the wild- so not un-domesticated and still not wild Sex classes n me t Cult foal - - · M d e x Mum o ove T M occ ge · on o or as d o ⑳o · Pet ou occrx  Tame - relatively tolerant of human presence. S Zoo animals won't make it in the wild & vis verse Y Wild or domestic Introduced species: plant or animal that is not native To location. / Wild or domestic Believed to be benifical & GOOD !! ! Bees, dogs B cats, chickens, pigs, horses ! Help Invasive species: not native to location & has a tendency to spread study Cause damage feral cat Hunting Get exe Wild or domesticated Season ?! haha Pigs, cats, snakes Why? es Y Magnificent 7 Most impactful. On Dog sheep horse development of cat cattle civilization Goat pig Domestication Theory 1' intentional domestication Sheep, Goats, Cattle, Horses Theory 2: self domestication Village dump Dog Pig Cat Mouse Dog domestication Self-Domestication - "Village DumpDoesn't wor · "Specialization" - Humans Intentional breeding When firstP ick breeding tameness & Size & specific... - Gentic Firewall Minimize genes from wild species Keep wild genes for away To remember: Dog-canine Pig-porcine Cat-feline Mouse-murine Sheep-ovine Goat-caprine Cattle - bovine Horse-equine Donkey-equine Intentional domestication - humans - Control movement Alter sex ratio. I Alter age structure Don't need 1:1 ratit Want more younger Physically can't breed too big 1 Bull , many heifers mestic On Domesticated and wild: camels, llama, chicken, turkey Wild: elephants Guinea pigs: can't jump= easier to control Reindeer sorta replaces cattle, goats, sheep eat. Non domesticated species: Oysters, crawdads, catfish fish, snakes Not domesticated @zoos but have to be tame to reproduce Results of Domestication: Changes in behavior Amount of product produced Tameness Quality of the product Size Growth Appearance Reproduction  Digestive systems & strategies Nutrient classes Nutrient requirements: What u need 2 survive Water Water Most important energy Need the fuel Carbohydrates Simple & complex ''o protein Fats Constructive Vitamins Amino acids Helping driving syst minerals Vitamins Minerals 2 feeding strategies: Continuous feeders: eat all day small amounts 2X Avg. Horse eats 20 hrs a day : Grazing, lower nutrients Discontinuous feeders: eat less & higher nutrient mass Humans, cats, ag animals Eat high quality food Modes of feeding: Hunters Grazers Scavengers Wolves Sheep Hyena Cats Goats Vultures Eagles Deer Raccoons Whales Pigs Alligators Squirrels  Carnivores - meat >80 or 90% animal-based diet Chemical digestion Mostly this Microbial digestion Less this Omnivores - meat & plants Humans, pigs, chickens, bears Highly digestible plant components (grains/fruits) Chemical breakdown Microbial digestion- limited Herbivors-plant materials Primarily forages WhatisStLow digestable plant components (high fiber) Microbial digestion- primery Chemical digestion- secondary Primary digestive systems Monogastric One atomic Carnivore & omnivore Ruminate Herbivore One stomach matters chambers Non-Ruminant Herbivore Herbivore Modified Monogastric (Avian) Carnivore Omnivore Granivore Frugivore Insectivore… Common features: Pretension Mastication- macinal portion of digestion breakdown Digestion- chemical microbial Absorption- out of digestive suet, and into… Elimination- indigestible Pension: grasping mechanisms Capable of grasping / holding Mastication- macinal portion of digestion breakdown Incisors Pre molars= buspid Canines Molars = tricuspid - nu True carnivore will have ' sharp molars to cut Herbanois: molars & premolars will be flat - 20 % horses have Canine teeth - Horses & houses have longer face to eat See better  Digestion Common features Pretension Grasping getting ahold food · , of mastication Chewing (smooth Canines) molars , Sharp digestion - chemical/microbial absorption - elimination - indigestible /non-digestible · go away Primary types of digestive tract Monogastric one gastric stomach a T Ruminat Birds G Non ruminate herbivor & Monogastric Ruminant Nonruminant Carnivore Shorter length of small/large intestine  Ball of Monogastric = carnivore/omnivores I food 1 Esophagus - transport - Bolus of what's consumed Mouth - Stomach > - one way system 2 Stomach= gastric ↳ Chemical Digestion > Acids "Sour" - - - PH (0-14) Mucous cells: secrete an alkaline mucus that protects the epithelium against stress & acid Parietal cells: secrete hydraulic acid Chief cells: secrete pepsin, a proteolytic enzyme G cells: secrete the hormone gastric 24 2 3 Small intestine Proximal-closer to stomach—> digestion - 3 Distal region-far—> absorption of nutrients & Cecum= functional PIGS Appendix = non functional form cecum Large Intestine = Some absorption H20 metabolism Monogastric-Human , Dog Cat , , Pig lesophagusa system W Stomach - - gastric chemical digestion i - small Intestine ceum--( digestion Microbial Proximal-Bringing Distal - Absorption PH Back up E large Intestine Absorption/ water metabolism Stomach Mucus cells - creates mucus to protect from acid stress cells-gastrichormones. Parietal cells - hydraulic acid ?  Herbivore Forestomach Ruminant-cow, sheep, goats S / 2 g 3 4 7 1 Esophagus = 2 way system 1 1 S2 RuminationSwallow CowBupnewingadown 6 Big Mouth - Reticilom > - Mouth ~stication 2 Reticulum = "honeycomb" Bolus = Send right amount of feed back up to esophagus Mastication - Trap = Non digestible foreign matter ↑ When (twine hair stuff) things are trapped in there , , Can't sort through 2 Microps 3 Rumen = “fermentatim vat” - Main Microbial Digestion - Microbes Bacteria Yeast , Fungi Protozoa , , Energy- VFAS 6801 Protein-Amino Acids Vitamins- B complex H Omasum - " strainer " = larger particles of feed in the rumen Smaller Pieces - Abomasum 3 Abomasum - chemical digestion - gastric stomach 6 Small intestine - Proximal-Digestion Distal - Absorption 7 Cecum= function = more microbial 8 Large ingestion -absorbe  /Jesophagus - I way system Rumenestion Reticulum G honeycomb - microbia , traps. creates bolus breaks down Omasum-Strainer - goes thru food more Abomasum ↳ gastric stomach & strmi chemical digestion  Rabbits elephants Nun-ruminant herbivore horse. , 1 Esophagus - one way transport 2 from mouth to stomach 3 1 > Stomach Mouth - Can't chore H I Small intestine I Large intestine (colon). Cecum-microbial digestion 4 Coprophagy-eating manure Bacteria needs Microbial "Probiotics" yeast Fungi Protozada Bovine Equine Digestion 80 gallons Capacity 359 Back end Hindgut stomach Organization Forestomach d Rate of 70-90hrs (30 %) % 35-50hrs (85 %) Passage  In class October 2 ↓ Modified monastic- Avian 1 Esophagus (can offspring) 2 be I ways , to feed 3 ↓ 2 Crop Storage Softens & Moistens : = feed S 4 3 Proventriculus = gastric stomach Chemical breakdown 6 & 2. 24 8 7 H Gizzard = mastication Grit = Rock S Small intestine b Ceca (2) = urine & feces Birds don't have a blatter ! 7 Large intestine = removal of feces & urine Getting it out g Cloaca = common opening Modified Monogastric Arian 1 esophagusThe sumProvenou cro softens/moistens. Stores Gizz P #cell 20  Nutrition & feed resources Body composition of animals 60% water – 16% protein – 2-20% fat – 4% ash Nutrients classes Water Requirements Simple Carbohydrates (Cho) Water S Complex CHOs Energy Protein &Fats/Lip not efficent Vitamins Amino Acids Minerals Macro/Micro Fat Saluble/water saluble Water Transport Lubricant Cooling (species dependent) Energy Carbohydrates: energy substrates - Monosaccharides : · Glucose , Fructose , Galoctose Diasaccherides Sucrose – Glucose + Fructose Lactose – Glucose + Galactose Maltose – Glucose + Glucose Polysaccharides ~ Microbial Digestion rente Starch -> Cheif form of stored energy in PlantsEasy to digests Chemical S Cellulose -> main component of cell walls of most plant there o plants Since no skeleton in plante Digestion & Glycogen - > stored in liver B muscles in Man animals Easy to digest Monogastric-simple Chos (Glocose) Ruminate & non ruminate herbivore Simple CHO's VFA's play Primary role as energy substrate Energy-lipids Fats 2 25 that of carbohydrates ·. x Fat sources can include: animal B Plant sources Carbohydrates: Gross energy Feel 4 ↓ Digestible energy Methane Urine ses Metabolic energy Heat - ↓ ~ What they are Net Energy actually using !! ↓ Then to goes this I Maintenance "Work , exercise Protein= 20 amino acids 9 Essential Amino Acids MUST be in Diet 6 Conditionally essential 5 Non essiential Complete Protiens : All 20 Amino Acids Minerals Macro = 7 need more of Calcium (bone teeth) , (Sodium , Potassium Chlorine (Nerve , , muscle function Micro : 11 little of Iodine , Iron(oxygen - need in small amounts Vitamins Fat-soluble & - A : Cell growth D : Bone formation stored ! · can be - - E : Red blood cells K clotting factors - : Water-soluble · B-complex Metabolism - Vitamin C · Antioxidant Nutrient requirements Changes w/ Physical Change w/ Environmental : -weight - Climate Stage of Production Physical activity - · -level ofProduction - Diseases & Parasites · work Age -  October 7th. In Class CF = Crude Alber Feed classifications: CP = Crude Protein Roughages Concentrates TDN Total digestible = Plants (not seeds / fruit) lower in Fiber nutrients ↓ 7 ↓ Protein Rich Energy Rich Carbonecous Proteinacious concentrate Clower in Protein) higher in Protein (grains) Feed additives L * Non-Nutrient Nutritional Roughages - Low in nutrients Plant components (not seed grain fruit) - , , IMPORTANT = a) feeding microbes animal Benefits 6 ) fill helps keeps digestion. tract distant. proteinaceous - Legumes : Alfafa/Clover Symbiotic Relationships = Rhizoid spp Bacteria & FixNa from air into > amino - plant said Carbonaceous - Bermuda - Timothy Fescue Crop residue - - Orchard grass - Processing / storage Drying - - Temp Concentrates ( concentrated nutrients/ unit Nenergy - Fiber ↑ ↑ Protein ↑ TDN Effect of Processing seeds/corn ↓ Processing = & Digestibility 3. ) Broken seed coat b). & surface area =↑ Digestibility Protein concentrates AnimalSources : PlantSources : Meat B Bone Meal Cottonseed meal Blood Meal Soy bean Meal Fish Meal Linseed meal Feed additives Additives : Vitamins & minerals - add to feed Salt Blocks-NaCl Trace Mineral Block NaCl , macrol micro Non nutrient additives - alters metabolism Ionophores = Selective Antibiotics ↳ Feed to cowsy ↓ in feed efficiency 10 % Other Approaches : New antibiotic/compounds being tested Eliminate resistant bacteria - Processing- mixing forages concentrates / additives Oviduct zu Capture ovum at ovulation —> Move toward Uterus Functions: Trasport Sperm & Ovum Site of Fertilization- Sperm & Ovum Nutrition- Embryo during transport to uterus Roughages ex : High fiber , low energy nuts fruit, , lentils Alfalfa , Concentrates : ex energy I Fiber corn , , wheat , outs Coprophagy eating Poop for nutrients rabbits mice : , Microbial Fermentation digestive system breakdown food (fiber) : Produce to energy , neatrients (cours of Plants Genetic Firewall getting rid of wild traits domestic species : in to maintain desired traits Chemical Digestion food is broken down : smaller by sds Endocrine system Glands that Produce hormones : Absorption Body : takes in food thru walls or tissues Microbial Digestion : Bacteria breakdowns food in body to ge nutrients Absorption taking food in into bloodstreem. Absorbing it !! is Endocrine system is glands that Produce hormones Coprophagy is eating Poor Chemical digestion is breaking down food into simple molecules Reproductive Nutrition  Reproduction Anatomy and Physiology Terms: Estrous cycle-endocrine/ physical events that prepares the reproductive track for pregnancy Estrus-period of receptivity to be bred by male Menstrual cycle - endocrine/ physical events that prepares the reproductive track for pregnancy Duplex- marsupials & rodents 2 cervices Bicornyate - livestock, dogs, cats -1 cervix, 2 uterine horns Simplex-humans, primates Ovary (2) - Exocrine: ovum production gamete production- reproductive cells ovum production- female reproductive cells Endocrine: hormone production directly into bloodstream chemical signals or messages —> transport via blood —> to target tissue Estrogen (E2)- “Hormone of Estrus” Testosterone (T) Progesterone (P4): “Hormone of Pregnancy" Oviduct zu Capture ovum at ovulation —> Move toward Uterus Transports site of fertilization Functions: Trasport Sperm & Ovum Site of Fertilization- Sperm & Ovum Nutrition- Embryo during transport to uterus Uterus transports nutrition- embryo endocrine- several hormones Cervix protection of the uterine environment Vagina semen deposition (except swine) Placenta- Fetal Origin out pocketing of the small intestine amnion- interior sac chorion- chorioallantois sac allantois- chorioallantois sac Embryo placental attachment to uterine wall —> fetus  Reproduction Placental attachment types.. Diffuse- many finger like projections that spread in uterus (pigs & horses) Zonary- attaches to uterus in band-like area (Dogs &cats) cotyledonary- connects to specific sport of uterus, rather than spreading out (cattle, sheep, goats) Discoid- attaches to 1 disc-shape area (primates) Ovipositon: laying the egg Yolk – Nutrients –Energy/Vit/Min Blastoderm – Ovum Albumin – Protein – Amino Acids Chalazae – Stabilization – Protein Shell Membrane – Packaging Shell – Protection-Semipermeable Embryonic communication Fast clicks-decrease neighbors development rate Slow clicks- increase neighborsdevelopment rate Male reproduction 2 Testes 2 Epididymus Vas Deferns ↳ Krethra ↳ Accessory > Penis Fluids - 2 testes = functions & exocrine = sperm Endocrine = specific hormones Seminiferous tubules: sperm production · Piece-Mitochondrial Hex Atpamotili & Principal Peice S Testosterone =t cooling system Zu Estrogen = E Testes = 2.5° below body temp Scrotum - testes go up w/ cold to trap I down heat W/ cold Epididymis - collects the sperm from the testes - Transport Storage (Cada Epididymus) - - Nutrition Vas deferens- rapid transport from the caudal epididymus to the urethra. Semen = Sperm & Accessory Fluids !  Accessory fluids Add nutrients Add volume (fluid) Some stimulate contractions uterus (compound) Penis Vascular Fibrous ↓ Vascular Bloon/Humon/Peni tissue Effection NO change in length ↑ Blood No change in diameter S ↑ Diameter ↑ stiffness Stiffness ↑  Intercellular Communication Inter-between Cells communicate w/ each other: Chemical messages Four types: ⑨ Gap junctions ⑧ Neural communication 8 Paracrine communication O Endocrine communication Gap junctions O Protein channels between adjacent cells Gap junction- cardiac cells Cardiac cells syndroïzation e Y Neural Long distance-short distance Synaptic cleft motor end-plant Paracrine ① Localized diffusion of product - Blood clottim machoism · Receptor Tissue damage response Blood clotting Endocrine system IDK Y Methodology Simulation-hormone released by endocrine gland Transport – Circulatory System Influences – Specific Target Cell (Increase or Decrease Function of that Cell/tissue)  Nervous Endocrine Hormone-large · - Neurotransmitter-small Nerve site-short distance -Circulatory transport long dis. - · - Fast - Slow transport - Short duration - long distance · Stimulus - Stimulus Other hormones , nerves , target issue Examples endocrine glands Pituitary gland thyroid gland 50 hormones pancreas adrenal gland parathyroid gland  Receptors Only ↓ hormone fits this shape ! · Protein structures that bind to chemical - Relay message to cells & Endocrine system - 2nd messenger system Ist Messenger = Hormone cells may be. Hormone + Receptor Binging (Cll) cell surface 2nd messenger = Effect on the cell Control ↓ Negitive Positive d Positive/Negative Feedback > - if this this Both go both go down goes goes down. up one up one , Receptor Number , Neural Control Genetic Influence ↑ Negative feedback- of this one goes up, this one goes down Positive feedback- both go up, both go down - Happens in ovulation help ! X-little happening , but then it hits a lot happens Receptor Numbers How many receptors are on surface of a cell · Milk let down-stimulates memory glands to push down milk for baby · Change # of receptors Receptor Type Same hormone/Neurotransmitter - Diff. receptor type = Diff. response Neural control Oxytocin Release-Partunition Release-Milk let down Oxytocin Exe Genetic influence-heterosis/hybrid vigor Aug, of the offspring in a given trait is & than aug. of parental breeds. Major control systems Nervous Endocare Short dis long dis Fast Slow Neurotransmitter Hormone  Genetics Endangered Species - Pandas - Bloodfish Genetic Improvement?? genetic change is better way to put it - a Dramaticlly Changed Pigs - Dairy # of cows dropped BUT we have more milk , , Swine Feed efficiency (F2) = 6 1 down to : 2 5. : / Fat to lean Genetic Diseases Over the yrs we have messed up animals Bull dogs used to be used for bulls... How to fat Linking genes to phenotype P=G+ E P = Phenotype Physical appearance G = Genotype-genetic make-up E = Environment Gene expression · Simple Mend lian Genetics · Dominace -> Horned vs. Polled · Recessive -> Shorthorn cattle-color Homozygous dominant Heterozygous = Ro Homozygous = or  Traits Qualitative Quantitate · few genes · Many genes · Discrete classes · expression over range - Yes/No - Weight - Height Mating systems · Inbreeding-mating Indu. more related than the aug of population line breeding - concrete genes of Particular ancestor Outbreeding-mating · indv. less related - Within breed/out crossing I Same breed but genetically so dif. , Swine) (Pultry - Crossbreeding -lab B Poodles = labradoodles crossing species Donkey B Horse Male - = - Inbreeding & · Basis for all breeds of domestic animals · Does NOT cause mutations !! -expression of genes present · Gene frequency : AA ↑ Homozygosity As t ↓ Heterozys city Outbreeding ↑ Nea ↓Heterozygosity ↑ Homozygosity Heterosis - A give trait-Aug , for crossbred offering is higher than aug. of parantal brieds  Outbreeding / crossbreeding Breeding of animals of different breeds or species Used extensively in meat producing animals - Beef Beneficial - - Swine often - Broilers & · enhanced reproduction B - Meat sheep / joats favorable influence on other traits Rarely used in... Woul Often not economically benefical Horses Dairy · enhanced repro BUT screw up othe traits Egg Production Mating systems Chimera-mixing even tho chromosomes match it doesn't always , work Genetic manipulation Selection- determination of Parents of the next generation Technique Natural Mating - Just Put 2 animals together Artificial Insemination Embryo transfer Embryo Splitting Artificial insemination - Can expand can freeze (so far frozen · since 195a) Use : - widespread Chicken sheep-little urkey some - - ~ Dairy Horse-little Cows-widespread goats-little Beef V Swine widespread cows-little Embryo transfer- putting embryo into uterus of another animal Cattle Super ↳ ovulation (Drugs = Hormones ↳ Dramatically increases # of ovm ovulated+ AI = Many embryos Embryo splitting- embryo before cells differentiate In Had] Ovum (1N) Sperm (N) Le Fertilization Diploid (embr Triploidy (3N)- few species > some - agutic species Cousters & fish] -growth - No repro ⑳ Mitosis ↓ ⑭ d meiosi ↓ ⑪ Cloning- Reproduction of a new animal from an existing animal Dolly the Sheep - · Only lived 3 yrs but physiology was of 15 Yrs. Transgenic- Inserting genes from one species into another species. - Mouse + hST glowing genes · Adding genes for more milk production - Genomic DNA fingerprinting Predict performance & heterosis - less related indv. Will express greater hybrid vigor in offspring Genomic analysis = ID specific gene groups for Predicting future preformance Epigenetics genes can be turned on or off as a result of environmental effects Genetic Engineering and Manipulation - food Production & environmental - Medicne (insline) comes from dead pp - Risks -body rejects heart Bimmune system shuts down  Studying exam 2 a Tubethattranspo is to ute StoreMaurSpreaize egg) ↑ ~ Produces testosterone Sperm production & Seminiferous tubules site Placenta Amnion · - fluid filled Sac Surrounds & Cushions embryo - Keeps embryo safe - · chorion Outermost membrane - Allows Oxygen to enter B CO2 to exit · Allantois - Store waste from embryo - becomes Part of umbilical coard  Studying exam 2 Placental attachment types · Diffuse - Attaches over large , broad area Pigs B Horses - · zonary - Band around middle of embryo. (Ring like Dogs B Cats · Cotyledonary · Discoid - Multiple small , round patches · 1 single Round disc shape area · Cows B sheep , goats · Humans & Primates  Animal behavior An action, activity, or process which can be observed and measured, and which is generally initiated by some external or internal stimuli. something & that causes something External Stimuli - environment. Changes in behavior w/ your hot vs. Cold , dark vs. light Internal Stimuli Endocrine (hormone - Physiologic (Pregnant young) - condition vs. - Though-s (medivations/preferences ( Types of behavior Simple-nerve stimulus resulting in striated muscle contraction Complex Behavior: Mating rituals. Migration Grooming. Feeding strategies Aggression. Submission Ingestive Behivor Physical process/ act of eating Requires curiosity and purpose prehension benefit: cost assessment mastication rumination Feeding sorting rooting Actions cooperation- hunting Exploration of environment to gain input feed recourses security- rest reproductive slection learning new tastes (trail and error) Investigative benar Exploration of environment to gain input feed resources Security-rest risk assessment Repro Selection learning new tasks (trial Berror) Requires curiosity Competitive behavior Resources procurement Mate food location Allelomimetic behavior Mimicry – Stimulus to follow others behavior Sometimes called contagious behavior or synchronized behavior Purpose= group cohesion -going in large groups Communication Relying a message from one organism to another/group Visual Auditory Offactory electro Giving & soliciting behavior establishment of social bonds health Reciprocity (grooming) Maternal & neonatal behavior Dam offspring: Maternal Aggression : mom mad Brooding behavior-Birds about you by baby Endocrine influence Reproductive Behavior Activity directed toward perpetuation of a species Estrus Mate procurement Breeding process Endocrine influence Resting or Sleeping Behavior Characterized by: reversible unconsciousness reduce responsiveness to external stimuli Horses sleep standing up Social behavior structure Type II: (solitary) territorial &Grevy's Imperial Zebra Zebra Poor in Piles to make territory Type I: (social) herd bound Dominance Hierarchy - Social structure order S C Constinually on the more Purpose group stability : Following the rainfall - Reproduction , - Safety Dynamic - linear , triangular  Stereotype Repetitive behavioral action/activity with no obvious goal or function - Animals preform behavior for longer than expected Horses Cribbing Stall Kicking Pacing A lot in car nivore weaving Behavior- economics Behavior = Anatomy and Physiology Tactile Taste Smell 2 Activity Motion Risk ~ = : Hearing Benefit : cost Vision Intelligence "What a behavior accomplishes versus what it means."  Sheep & goats Why sheep and goats? 1. Meat 1. Milk 2. Fiber 3. Leather 4. Tools from bones and horns 5. herding hair coat Horns Sheep-wool goats - narrow curving Goats- hair Sheep - broad curling Tails Upper lip Goats-up Goat - continuous Sheep -down Sheep - separate lobes Genetics Diet Goats - 60 chromosomes Goats- browsing (wide variety) Sheep - 54 chromosomes Sheep- grazer ( more limited) Sheep Terms Parturition Intact male Castrated male Female Young male Young female All young Lambing Ram Wether Ewe Ram lamb Ewe lamb Lambs Reproduction Seasonal breeders short day estrus cycles limited to "season Winter - Estrous cycle = 17 days Estrous = 30 hours Gestation = 147 days Puberty 6-8 months Life cycle Day o-breeding season (sep-nov.) Day 147 - lambing (march-april) Day 200- weaning (may-june) Day 260- market lambs (July - August) Day 365 breeding season(Sept-Nov) Types of sheep: wool Thin diameter of wool fiber 47-40 microns - Navjo-Churro Fine wool = smaller diameter Rambouillet - Types of Sheep: Meat Breeds Carcass & growth characteristics Medium quality wool (limited value) 250-400 lbs - Farm flock – Midwest, Northeast Breeds : Southdown Suffor , , Hampshire Hair breeds Meat Breeds Katahdin : , Barbious Leather black belly Subtropical to tropical environment Adapted to hot humid environment Selected for parasite, disease resistance  Wool Wool fiber - cuticle- overlapping scales & bacbs )outside · felting/wearing Cortext- spongy hollow material ( inside) Dye absorption · C.P.I = crimps-waves in fiber process -1. Raw woul S. Roving 2. Scoured wool 6. Spun wool. Landin 3.. loom (unfinished fabric) 7. Due wool 4. Finished fabric 8 Decline in sheep Numbers Meat lamb = meat from young animal Mutton-older animals a World war I = conditioned aversion ~ war w/ mutton "flavor". b Holiday Food Christmas & Easter & opposite of our production so imported Southern Hemisphere Wool Polyester (synthetic) Have to be moved frequently Many predator Opportunities for sheep industry Wool production Meat production Contract grazing Goats Terms : Parturition Intact male Castrated male Female Young male Young female Young Kidding Billy or Buck Wether Nany or Doe Buckling Doeling Kid Reproduction Seasonal breeders - short day (most) – Estrous cycle – 21 days – Estrus – 24 hours – Gestation – 150 days – Puberty – 5-7 months  Life cycle Day 0: breeding season (sep-nov) Day 150: kidding (march-april) Day 200: weening (may -Jane) Day 260Typical Market Start (July – Aug) Day 365 breeding season (Sept-Nov) fiber types Angora Goat Angora Fiber Angora Goats Angora Rabbits Cashmere Dairy goats: Meat goats: Myotonic goats: lamancha Kiko (fainting goats) Nubian Bore Alpine Wool quality Diameter smaller-more $ length more length (stape) $ = more Break points points wear fiber in = Break easily Color Whi "translucent" c = Cortex Crimps fiber waves in = more crimps = more $ Using goats for maintaining vegetation Brush control goats in win country Goats in Armani’s trees  Immunology Study of the immune system Basic Terminology Antibiotic Antigen Antibody Antiserum/Antitoxin Immunization Antibiotics Drug that rills bacteria Has nothing to do with immune system Antigen Anything that causes immune System response bacteria Viruses Protozoa Antibodies Small 4 chain protein Binds to specific antigen Antibody- binds to specific antigen Holds for WBC (white blood cells) Precipitates (clumps) Don't kill anything!! Antigen in Body MassProduction signal ((( Of T-cells Template - Antibodies espectic to that antigen ↓ memory B Cell (Bind gen May Antigen Surface 17 % 4da) - Bind to antigen Memor B Be exposed to Same antigen v13d Mass antibodies Antiserum - antitoxin To a specific snake venom Antibodies in a jar Examples uses of immunology Treatment - Antiserum Long Term Protection - Immunization Diagnostic – Testing for presence Long term protection- Immunization Process that relates to the manipulation of the immune system Passive —Direct transfer of antibodies Colostrum Antitoxin/Antiserum Colostrum- first milk mammals born without functional immune system Antibodies only absorbed in first 24 hours of life- after 24 his, digested as protein Antibodies last about 30 days Active Stimulation of immune response Production of antibodies long term protection - flue Shot Covd vaccine , Key to active immunizations success Modify the organism: 1. Enough to not cause severe harm 2. not to different—. Immune system recognition in the future Diagnostic-testing for presence Snap Test Quick easy accurate - , , human-ept (pregnancy test) - Human choronic hormone - Produced by the embro Pandemics - immunology Within species - mutation Between species- mixing of virus components Antigenic drift Antigenic shift Between Species : d.... = - N / small mutations : ↑ New Strain  & Avian flu CDC - Poultry Highly contagious Highly pathogenic (mortality in birds) Clinical signs of HPAI in cattle B other disorders) Reduce milk production Milk- thicker/discolored Decreased feed consumption Clear nasal discharge Abnormal feces Lethargy  Products Dairy - fluid milk (45%.) Homogenized (whole milk) lower 2%,1% Skin.5% Half and half (cream and milk 17-18% fat) whipping cream (28-25% fat) Fermented / frozen products (55%) Cheese Yogurts Butter Ice milk Yogurt Ice cream Coagulation of milk Rennet 1. Milk fat in animals Elephants: 15.8% Most animals are 3-5% Reindeer: 18.7% fat Seal: 30-40% Pounds not gallons Breeds Ayrshire Jersey Scotland Isle of Jersey butter Brown Swiss Switzerland Guernsey 86% of U.S. Breeds is Isle of Guernsey. CHEESE ! orange cheese Holstein Holstein Netherlands , black B White Giant cows U.S. Breed distribution How is producer paid: Pounds of milk Pounds of fat Protein content Jersey Holstein 15,000 lbs. 25,000 lbs. 5% fat 3.5 %fat 750 lbs. Fat 875 lbs. Fat Milk Grades: – Somatic cell count (SCC) – Bacteria level Grade A – Can be used for any dairy product more than 90 % of milk is A grade - - Can be used for ANYTHING Grade B – Only used for processed products – (Not fluid milk) - only used for Processed products Classes I – Fluid milk (30%) II – Soft products – Yogurts, ice cream, sour cream (14%) III – Cheese (42%) IV – Butter (14%)  Processing of Milk Pasteurization Still has Pathogens Homogenization little molecules ? - Raw milk has line of fat "cut" you have to through Shelf life Thermal pasteurization Shelf life High temp, short time (htst) 10-14 days refrigerated higher heat, shorter time (HHST) ultra high temp (UHT) 30-70 days refrigerated Sterilization sterile packaging process 6 months (no refrigeration) Non-Thermal Shelf Life Microfiltration 30-75 days Bactofugation (refrigerated) Other milk concepts Reduced fat- remove fat Lactose free milk Milk Composition Water. 87% Lactose 5% Fat 3.5% Casein. 2.8% Minerals (Ca and P). 0.7% Albumin 0.5% Lactation Physiology Udder Mammary Glands Cow 4. Average Rale : trice the # of Mare 2 for of memory glands offspring Sow Ewe 2 Cat Dog Deer 2 Elephant ↓ Whale Giraffe I Mik Synthesis Alveoli L grape like= Hollow Lumen Is drop Milk of 1 Alveoli mustle cells& Produces Milk  Milk letdown = oxytocin Milk is released from memory glands teat into for milking. stimulated - ↳ down contrats & pushes milk - Milking frequency 400 gallons blood circulation to provide nutrients for 1 gallon milk Lactation cycle Starts at certain point( not always 0) ↓ & goes up some then down when offspring uses less Beet cows Holstein Cow-lots of milk - 75-100 13-25 · 25 lbs 0-5 Q 44 week Quarter Horse-Produces more milk for longer - 21 weeks fatis high inenergy a ill Refills utter 1 000 , lbs 2 Nursing Boat = 45 min QH = Horse > 20-25 lbs - Milk 20 weeks (smaller utter) Nursing Bout = 4hrs. Beef = > - 3-10 lbs over 20 weeks (BIG udder) Nursingy frequea  Dairy lactation cycle 12 month calving interval For 2 Daing Cow Calving = 0/365 days Gestation o 80 sbs 365 = 285 days calving re-breeding calving Dry Rebred = day 80 Dry = 60 days before calving day 305 Drying a cow = udder Involution - Shrinks Breturns to non-lactating state Steps - Break ! -Stripping= stream of milk for visual aporisa pt down Abnormal = Flakes/color/thickness/Pus. Mastitis = Infection (Bacterial - Pre teat dip=Food grade ane septic - Milk = 5-8 min - Post teat dip-Decrease bacteria entering streak canal Sire summaries = estimated effect of the sire on female offspring productivity EX : Milk =+1 500 9 Expect offspring of this sire to produce 1500 lb more Milk Per lactation compared to average of breed. know to = Average of your cows compare to your herd = Average of breed Sexing semen = 85-90 % accurate Larger D ④ smaller MOVANA YL NAT  bST( bovine somatotropin) Also called bovine growth Hormone (bgh) naturally occurring hormone in cow Major regulator of milk production Increases metabolic rate Increase lipolysis Must Provide additional nutrients No detectable difference in milk composition No influence on masticationn. Clinical Signs of HPAI in Cattle Cavian flu Reduced milk production Milk – thicker/discolored Decreased feed consumption Clear nasal discharge Abnormal feces Ultimate Success of Dairy Industry Dairy herd improvement association Limited number of traits selected Adaptation of technology AI  Beef cattle Robert Bakewell- started it all Selective Breeding - Breeding like to like - US. History Introduction – Corriente’ Shorthorn -1783 Hereford – 1817 Civil War – 1860’s Angus – 1873 Importations – 1960’s Synthetics – 1970’s Purebred Defined set of characteristics or traits, passed from parents to offspring In beef cattle there are 250 breeds recognized >300 varieties & types not given “names” types European – Bos taurus Continental - Bos taurus Zebu – Bos indicus Synthetic – Bos taurus x Bos taurus Bos indicus x Bos indicus Bos taurus x Bos indicus Bos indicus x Bos taurus European- moderate size 1000-1300 lbs Hereford easy to work w/good maternal - ability Angus -good carcus Shorthorn Moderate size - Continental - larger breed Also from europ For meat / milk/draft (work) Charlois Chianina Simmental Zebu - bos indices Tropical/ subtropical environments Moderate - large Meat/milk/draft cooling systems. Reflects heat Brahman - OK caucuses - Heat tolerant Synthetics - we created breeds from other breeds Brahman, angus= brangus now its breed own Simbrah, Santa gertrudis, beefalo Where are the cattle ? Texas,Nebraska, Kansas, California Infrastructure-layers or stars Purebreeders Cow/calf Stocker Feedlot Packers  Purebreeders - seedstock = < 20% of our animal Specialized cow-calf producers Provide the genetic material to beef supply chain – Breeding animals – Semen (