Animal Behavior PDF

Animal Behavior and Learning 8/27/24, 12:49 PM Platform | Study Fetch Types of Animal Behavior (00:47 - 00:59) Innate Animal Behaviors: Instinct Reflexes Fixed Action Patterns Imprinting Mnemonic: FURI (Fur) I...

Animal Behavior and Learning 8/27/24, 12:49 PM Platform | Study Fetch Types of Animal Behavior (00:47 - 00:59) Innate Animal Behaviors: Instinct Reflexes Fixed Action Patterns Imprinting Mnemonic: FURI (Fur) Instincts (01:11 - 01:36) Circadian rhythm - internal clock that synchronizes with light/dark cycles Controlled by the brain, influenced by light hitting the retinas Reflexes (01:36 - 02:10) Automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli Examples: Switching to non-slipping leg when slipping Patella reflex (knee-jerk) Mediated by simple neural pathways Fixed Action Patterns (02:10 - 02:31) Predictable, species-specific behaviors triggered by a "sign stimulus" Increase fitness over generations Example: Goose retrieving egg outside nest Imprinting (02:31 - 02:44) Rapid learning of a specific stimulus, often in a critical period Allows young animals to recognize and bond with parents/caregivers Animal Communication https://www.studyfetch.com/platform/studyset/66cd116dd279f5220d947c66/material/66ce030af375447b4024d1dc/document?newNote=true&go=note 1/6  (02:44 - 03:00) 8/27/24, 12:49 PM Platform | Study Fetch Animals use various methods to communicate: Visual (body language, displays) Auditory (vocalizations) Chemical (pheromones) Tactile (touch) Social Behavior and Mating (03:00 - 03:20) Social behaviors include: Cooperation Competition Dominance hierarchies Courtship and mating rituals Animal Learning and Conditioning Critical Period Learning (00:02:56 - 00:03:10) Animals learn behaviors during a critical period, like goslings/ducklings following their mother These are behaviors learned by observing their immediate parental figure Types of Learning (00:03:10 - 00:03:23) There are multiple types of learning: Associative learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Observational learning Classical Conditioning (00:03:23 - 00:04:16) Also known as Pavlovian conditioning Involves an unconditioned stimulus (like food) that elicits an unconditioned response (like salivation) A neutral stimulus (like a whistle) is paired with the unconditioned stimulus https://www.studyfetch.com/platform/studyset/66cd116dd279f5220d947c66/material/66ce030af375447b4024d1dc/document?newNote=true&go=note 2/6  After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the 8/27/24, 12:49 PM Platform | Study Fetch conditioned response (salivation) Operant Conditioning (00:04:16 - 00:04:49) A way to encourage or discourage behaviors Reinforcement increases a behavior Positive reinforcement adds a pleasant stimulus Negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus Punishment decreases a behavior Positive punishment adds an unpleasant stimulus Negative punishment removes a pleasant stimulus Examples of Operant Conditioning (00:04:49 - 00:05:34) Positive reinforcement: Giving a child a lollipop for cleaning their room Positive punishment: Making a child mop the floor as punishment for making a mess Negative reinforcement: Removing a chore for a child who did their homework Reinforcement and Punishment (00:05:55 - 00:06:07) Positive reinforcement: Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior Negative reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior Positive punishment: Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior Negative punishment: Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior Example: Johnny didn't clean his room, so he is not allowed to go to sports practice (negative punishment) (00:06:07 - 00:06:22) Reinforcement increases a behavior, punishment decreases a behavior Positive is adding a stimulus, negative is removing a stimulus It's important to understand the differences between these concepts (00:06:22 - 00:06:43) Associative learning: Associating one thing with another Sensitization: Increased stimulus leads to increased behavioral response Habituation: Repeated stimulus leads to decreased response (00:06:43 - 00:07:00) Habituation example: Fire alarm going off frequently leads to not reacting to it anymore The person becomes habituated to the stimulus (00:07:00 - 00:07:12) https://www.studyfetch.com/platform/studyset/66cd116dd279f5220d947c66/material/66ce030af375447b4024d1dc/document?newNote=true&go=note 3/6  Observational learning: Learning by observing others 8/27/24, 12:49 PM Platform | Study Fetch Example: Child observing parent folding laundry and copying the behavior (00:07:12 - 00:07:28) Insight: Ability to solve a problem using previous experiences Improves as animals become more advanced in the phylogenetic tree (00:07:28 - 00:07:46) Kinesis: Change in rate of random movement in response to a stimulus Example: Bug moving randomly until it finds a moist environment (00:07:46 - 00:08:10) Taxis: Change in direction towards or away from a stimulus Example: Bug moving towards a moist environment Animal Behavior and Communication Kinesis vs. Taxis (00:08:35 - 00:09:00) Kinesis is a change in the rate of movement in a random direction Example: Gas particles moving randomly and bouncing around Taxis is a change of movement in a specific direction Example: A car driving in a certain direction Migration (00:09:00 - 00:09:10) Migration is a seasonal, long-distance movement Example: Geese or other migratory birds moving from one location to another based on changing seasons Animal Communication (00:09:10 - 00:10:21) There are four main forms of animal communication: 1. Visual: Courtship and mating rituals, dances 2. Auditory: Vocalizations like wolf howling to signal location and group cohesion 3. Tactile: Animals bonding through touch, like elephants touching trunks 4. Chemical: Pheromones signaling readiness to mate, danger, etc. Mnemonic: FACT (Visual, Auditory, Chemical, Tactile) https://www.studyfetch.com/platform/studyset/66cd116dd279f5220d947c66/material/66ce030af375447b4024d1dc/document?newNote=true&go=note 4/6  Social Behavior and Mating 8/27/24, 12:49 PM Platform | Study Fetch (00:10:21 - 00:11:09) Cooperation: Animals working together to achieve a goal Agonistic Behavior: Threats or aggression to make another animal submit Aggression: Behavior intended to harm both animals involved Dominance Hierarchy: A social hierarchy with a defined order "Any animals can cooperate, and agonistic behavior is threats or aggression. This is ways in which an animal would get another animal to submit to them." Term Definition Cooperation Animals working together to achieve a goal Agonistic Behavior Threats or aggression to make another animal submit Aggression Behavior intended to harm both animals involved Dominance Hierarchy A social hierarchy with a defined order (Video timestamps in parentheses) Animal Behavior Territoriality (00:11:09 - 00:11:22) Territoriality is an animal's protecting a given territory This could be done with pheromones Even dogs will urinate to mark their scent on a specific territory and claim it as their own This is where the animal hunts, stays, and breeds Altruistic Behaviors (00:11:22 - 00:11:37) Many animals use altruistic behaviors, which involve sacrificing for relatives This is an adaptive type of behavior that would lead to improved survival of the species Inclusive Fitness https://www.studyfetch.com/platform/studyset/66cd116dd279f5220d947c66/material/66ce030af375447b4024d1dc/document?newNote=true&go=note 5/6  (00:12:04 - 00:12:17) 8/27/24, 12:49 PM Platform | Study Fetch Inclusive fitness is an animal's direct fitness (number of genes it can pass down on its own) plus its indirect fitness (number of genes its relatives can pass down) Kin selection is natural selection in favor of behavior by individuals that may decrease their chance of survival, but increase that of their kin Reciprocal Altruism (00:12:27 - 00:12:42) Reciprocal altruism is the sacrifice for an unrelated animal of the same species This benefits the species as a whole, rather than just the individual's kin Sexual Selection (00:12:54 - 00:13:20) Sexual selection is the difference between males and females in mating behaviors Male competition: Stronger males have more mating opportunities (e.g. deer fighting for mates) Female choice: Females select mates with desirable characteristics, increasing the frequency of those traits Sexual Dimorphism (00:13:20 - 00:13:38) Sexual dimorphism is the differences between males and females, physically and in color patterning, build, etc. Mating Strategies (00:13:38 - 00:13:50) Monogamy: Having only one partner at a time Polygamy: Having multiple mating partners Semelparity: Mating once during a lifetime Iteroparity: Mating many times during a lifetime https://www.studyfetch.com/platform/studyset/66cd116dd279f5220d947c66/material/66ce030af375447b4024d1dc/document?newNote=true&go=note 6/6