ANBI360 M1 L4 PDF

Continued from the last lecture (lecture 3 module 1) Ancient Rome - Trained and bred dogs as war dogs, the “Molossus” - These were large dogs ~110 kg - Coated them in armour and arranged them in attack formations during war; also used collars with long sharp spikes to s...

Continued from the last lecture (lecture 3 module 1) Ancient Rome - Trained and bred dogs as war dogs, the “Molossus” - These were large dogs ~110 kg - Coated them in armour and arranged them in attack formations during war; also used collars with long sharp spikes to slash the enemy - Firepots of smoke strapped to backs to scare horses, the dogs would run underneath them to scare and injure horses - They were also used as home guardian dogs; believed to have protected the home from supernatural beings Migration patterns - Originated from Eurasia; possibly 4 separate migrations into North America - The Thule from the 2nd introduction are nearly extinct - DNA studies revealed that dogs originating from Mexico (eg the chihuahua) are related to dogs from the first migration from 17500-13000 years ago Canadian Dogs - Tahltan Bear Dog (extinct - 1979): small but fierce, could hunt bears and large cats - Hare Indian (extinct): looked similar to coyotes, had a slender build - Salish Wooly (extinct): present on Vancouver Island, had a dense wooly coat that was used to make blankets. - Kimmiq (qimmiq), also known as Eskimo Dog, Canadian Eskimo Dog, or Canadian Inuit Dog (Extant), is identical to the dogs brought over by the Thule people. They were used as sled and backpack dogs. They became rare due to the invention of snowmobiles. - These breeds became extinct or endangered due to the introduction of European dogs, leading to interbreeding and dilution of these Canadian breeds. European ancestry - Labrador Retriever: bred to retrieve ducks and fish for hunters. Brought to the UK from Newfoundland and were developed into the modern breed there. - Newfoundland dog: crosses between Pyrenese and Labrador-type dogs - Nova Scotia Duck tolling retriever: used for duck retrieving Dog breeds Breed: a population distinguishable from another of the same species by frequencies of genes, chromosomal variation, or hereditary phenotypic characteristics Breed origin study - A study from 2004 examined the breed origins of 414 dogs from 84 different dog breeds - Used microsatellites are repeated DNA sequences (not genes) that do not affect traits and can easily mutate. - If the microsatellite mutation occurs in only one breed, you can identify a breed from that particular microsatellite (eg identity similarities) - They found 96 microsatellite areas within these 84 breeds, and almost all were identical (only 14 varied) - These used the changes in these microsatellites to define groups - Found that Asian spitzes were most distinct from other dogs (most similar to wolves) therefore “oldest” Shows branching of different dog breeds; could not distinguish any unique satellites within the “all other breeds” category - Breeds were separated into Asian, Herding, “all others”, and Giant groups using the microsatellites. - Although pugs are not herding dogs, they are descended from herding ancestors. - Miniatures in the giant group are descended from giant dogs - Later studies separated terriers Breed origin study- more recent - Used 1,346 dogs from 161 breeds - Used a nucleotide chip with thousands of unique DNA sequences which would bind DNA samples from different dog breeds and become fluorescent. Dogs would be grouped based on their DNA sequences - Also found that Asian breeds were the first to branch off, followed by herding dogs (which have been used for thousands of years) - Found that there was an explosion of dog breeds in the 1800s; most modern breeds emerged in the 19th century - - Hunting dogs primarily rose in the mid 19th century - There was more of a focus on form instead of function; selected for coat colour and body frame - This led to the creation of breed standards and clubs - Many European breeds diverged quickly during this time > 400 breeds now worldwide - 197 with AKC - 187 with CKC (2021) - AKC Objective: “Advance the study, breeding, exhibiting, running and maintenance of purebred dogs” Feline evolution Order Carnivora: has carnassial teeth! Feliformia: Family Felidae Feliformia clade (cat branch) includes the branches Felidae (cats), Viverridae (civets), Herpestidae (mongooses), and Hyaenidae (hyenas) Family Felidae: short muzzle, good 3D vision, balance and hunting abilities. Partially or completely retractable claws (except for the cheetah) Has two subfamilies: - Felinae: “small” cats including lynx, bobcat, ocelots, pumas, wildcats and the domestic cat - Pantherinae: leopards, lions and tigers - Was originally though that the cheetah was its own subfamily (Acinonychinae: cheetah) but this is now inaccurate (cheetahs are now a part of Felinae) Evolution Miacids split ~30 million years ago into two branches: - Feliformia (cats) - Caniformia (dogs, bears, raccoons, weasels) Ancestral felids: diverged 20 – 8 million years ago Current extant felids arose from a common ancestor ~10 - 11 million years ago; there is a limited fossil record. Found in all continents except Australia and Antarctica Proailurus is an ancestor for all extant felids, lived in Europe/Asia and had the size of a domestic cat. Gave rise to Pseudaelurus, the most recent common ancestor for all extant felids (Felinae and Pantherinae) and extinct ones (sabre toothed). These diverged into several extant/extinct cat genera Sabre teeth were present in both the Smilodon and Machairodus lineages; example of convergent evolution Johnson et al 2006 study - Used mtDNA; revealed that felids split into 2 lineages (Felinae and Pantherinae) - There are many lineages within Felinae (see image) - Ancestral cats originated within Southeast Asia around 11 MYA - Pantherinae (roaring cats) were the first to branch off, and moved to Africa (they are restricted there) - Migration of cats to North America over the Bering Land bridge (9 MYA) led to many Felinae branches - Some Felinae from North America migrated back to Asia Acinonyx jubatus - cheetah Claws do not retract - Found in Africa - Previously was considered a different subfamily but now considered Felinae (grouped into Puma lineage) - The claws of the cheetah remain out and add to its ability to make sharp turns and bends when running at great speed - In all other cats, the claws retract Pantherinae Roaring cats - The hyoid bone is connected to the base of the tongue and the larynx; tongue support and involved in swallowing - In these cats, the hyoid bone is not completely ossified. This allows them to distend the back of their mouth, allowing them to roar - Also have modified vocal chords (in a square shape) which allows the tissue to respond quickly to air passing thru, creating a loud roar with less lung pressure - It is thought that the ossified hyoid bone in other felids allows for purring