Plant Anatomy Lecture 1 PDF

# Plant Anatomy ## Page 1 **11/12/2024** ### Plant Anatomy * **Image of a plant cell:** A diagram of a plant cell labeled with the following parts: - Nucoplasma - Vacuole - Vascular tissue - Epidermis - Cortex - Cambium - Pith - Xylem - Phloem - Dermal...

# Plant Anatomy ## Page 1 **11/12/2024** ### Plant Anatomy * **Image of a plant cell:** A diagram of a plant cell labeled with the following parts: - Nucoplasma - Vacuole - Vascular tissue - Epidermis - Cortex - Cambium - Pith - Xylem - Phloem - Dermal tissue - Ground tissue **- D. Mohamed Awes Badry** - Assistant Professor of Flowering Plant Taxonomy - Faculty of Science - South Valley University **- D. Mohamed Awes Badry 2024 ** ### College Vision Excellence in basic science education and scientific research to contribute to sustainable development. ### College Mission To provide distinguished education in the fields of basic sciences and the production of applied scientific research to contribute to sustainable development by preparing distinguished graduates according to the national academic standards, developing skills and capabilities of human resources, and providing community and environmental services that meet the aspirations of the South Valley community, and building effective community partnerships. ## Page 2 **11/12/2024** ### Objectives of the course - Provide a general overview of the plant cell and its structure. - Discuss cell organelles and their functions. - Describe the types of plant tissues and their functions. - Examine the anatomical structure of some tissues. **3** **- D. Mohamed Awes Badry 2024** ### Plant Anatomy * Plant anatomy is the study of the internal structure of plants. * This involves dissecting plant organs, investigating their locations, and analyzing the tissues that compose these organs. * It involves creating plant tissue sections and examining them with a light microscope. * Anatomy is a branch of the science of morphology that focuses on the internal form of plants. (Anatomy = Internal Morphology) ### Image of a plant cell * A diagram of a plant cell labeled with the following parts: - Nucleolus - Endoplasmic reticulum - Ribosomes - Cell wall - Chloroplasts - Vacuole - Golgi apparatus - Mitochondria - Cytoplasm - Plastids ## Page 3 **11/12/2024** ### Microscope * A microscope is an instrument that magnifies small objects and bodies, making it easier to study them. * It is particularly useful for biologists who study living organisms and cells that require sophisticated methods and techniques for investigation. * The function of the microscope is not limited to magnification (showing the material being investigated at a larger size). * It also extends to revealing details, which is known as resolution in English. ### Light Microscopes * The light microscope (Optical microscope) relies on sunlight or artificial light and a set of lenses to magnify the sample. * It is one of the most widely used and simplest types of microscopes. * The simple light microscope (Simple Microscope) is a type of light microscope with only one lens. * The compound light microscope is another type of light microscope, with two lenses. **5** **- D. Mohamed Awes Badry 2024** ### Compound Light Microscope * A diagram of a compound light microscope labeled with the following parts: - Ocular lens - Objective lens - Revolving nosepiece - Stage - Slide - Condenser - Coarse adjustment knob - Fine adjustment knob - Arm - Base - Light Source ## Page 4 **11/12/2024** * The light microscope can magnify objects up to 1500 times their actual size, depending on the magnification power of the ocular lens and the objective lens. * The light microscope can only magnify up to 1500 times because the image becomes blurry and unclear at higher magnifications. * Magnification of a compound light microscope = Magnification power of the ocular lens x Magnification power of the objective lens ### Electron Microscope * The Electron microscope started to be used by scientists in 1950. It uses a beam of high-speed electrons instead of light. * The electron beam is controlled by an electromagnetic lens, which allows objects to be magnified up to a million times. * There are two types of electron microscopes: 1. **Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)** 2. **Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)** * Scanning electron microscope is used to study the surface of the cell. * Transmission electron microscope is used to study the inner structures of the cell. **7** **- D. Mohamed Awes Badry 2024** ## Page 5 **11/12/2024** ### Plant Cell * The plant body is composed of specific organs such as the root, the stem and the leaf, as well as reproductive organs. * These organs are in turn composed of tissues. * Each tissue is composed of one or more units called cells. * The plant body is therefore composed of millions of cells that differ in form, structure, function, and location. * **“The cell is the unit of structure and function in living organisms.”** * The cell is produced from a preexisting cell, and its name comes from its resemblance to the shape of honeycomb cells. * The English term "Cell" is derived from the Latin term Cellula, meaning "small cell." * Cells in the bodies of higher plants do not exist as separate units but are bound together. * These cells form groups that exhibit specific topographical and functional relationships. * These groups are called tissues. * The study of cells is of particular importance because the cell represents the unit of structure and the center of physiological processes in the living organism and carry the genetic traits that are transmitted from generation to generation. * A branch of biological science called Cytology is dedicated to studying the cell in terms of its structure, its components, and its division methods (both living and non-living components). **** **9** **- D. Mohamed Awes Badry 2024** ## Page 6 **11/12/2024** ### Historical Overview: Discovery of the Plant Cell * **Robert Hooke (1665)** was the first to see a cell under a microscope and gave it its name. * He observed a cork tissue using a microscope and saw it as a defined space with a wall and thought it was a unit or a cell that the plant is formed of. * **Hanstein (1880)** called the living substance Protoplast (from the Latin "the first forming" to represent this living unit of the cell. * **Robert Brown (1831)** discovered a spherical body called the nucleus while examining cells from the epidermis of a plant belonging to the genus Orchids. * **Hugo Von Mohl (1846)** distinguished between protoplasm and cell sap. * **Kolliker (1862)** proposed calling the material surrounding the nucleus Cytoplasm. **** **11** **- D. Mohamed Awes Badry 2024** ### Plant Cell * A diagram of a plant cell labeled with the following parts: - Cell wall - Plasma membrane - Nucleus - Nucleolus - Golgi apparatus - Golgi vesicle - Ribosomes - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Central vacuole - Starch granule - Cytoplasm - Chloroplasts - Mitochondria - Plastid - Vacuole ## Page 7 **11/12/2024** ### Cell Theory * **Schleiden** (botanist), and **Schwann** (zoologist) were the first to announce the cell theory and it states that: 1. The cell is the basic building unit of living organisms. A living being is composed of one cell or multiple cells. 2. The cell carries out all vital functions, and cells are similar in their basic composition and components. 3. All new cells arise from the division of pre-existing cells. **13** **- D. Mohamed Awes Badry 2024** ### Important Terms * **Protoplast:** The living unit of the cell * **Protoplasm:** The basic living substance that includes different components of the protoplast * **Cytoplasm** * **Cytosol** ## Page 8 **15** **- D. Mohamed Awes Badry 2024** * A diagram showing the relationships between the following terms: - Protoplast - Plant cell - Cytoplasm - Cytosol - Animal cell - Cell wall - Plasma membrane **** **16** ### Plant Cell * A diagram of a plant cell labeled with the following parts: - Nucleus - Mitochondria - Golgi apparatus - Chloroplasts - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Ribosomes - Nuclear envelope - Nucleolus - Cell wall - Plasma membrane - Central vacuole - Starch granule - Cytoplasm **11/12/2024** ## Page 9 **11/12/2024** ### Plant cell structure * The plant cell is composed of two essential components: **1. Cell wall** * Middle lamella * Primary wall * Secondary wall **2. Protoplast** * All components located inside the cell wall. * Living components (Protoplasmic): * Nucleus * Nucleolus * Golgi apparatus * Endoplasmic reticulum * Ribosomes * Plastids * Mitochondria * Cytoplasm * Vacuole * Non-living components (Non-protoplasmic): * Smooth endoplasmic reticulum * Rough endoplasmic reticulum * Vacuole * Cell sap * Starch granules **17** **- D. Mohamed Awes Badry 2024** ### Plant cell structure * **A diagram of a plant cell with the following labeled:** - Cell wall - Middle lamella - Primary wall - Secondary wall - Plastid - Vacuole - Cytoplasm - Nucleus - Nucleolus - Golgi apparatus - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Ribosomes * **A table showing the structure of the plant cell with the following columns:** - Cellular component - Basic components - Living contents - Non-living contents - Examples **18** ## Page 10 **19** **- D. Mohamed Awes Badry 2024** ### Cell wall * The plant cell is surrounded by a rigid wall composed mainly of cellulose, a substance not found in non-plant cells. * This rigid wall helps maintain the shape of the cell and prevents it from collapsing. * The cell wall is an essential component of plant cells and is one of the characteristic features that distinguish between plants and animals, which lack a cell wall. * The cell wall is an inactive structure. ### Cell Wall Structure * The cell wall is composed of three layers: 1. Middle Lamella 2. Primary Wall 3. Secondary Wall * **Diagram showing the following:** * **Middle lamella:** The first layer to form during cell division. * **Primary wall:** Forms after the middle lamella. * **Secondary wall:** Forms after primary wall. **20** ## Page 11 **11/12/2024** ### Cell Wall Structure * **Middle lamella:** Formed during the final stages of cell division, this layer is composed of pectinaceous substances (calcium and magnesium pectates) and lignin. * **Primary wall:** Composed of cellulose and pectins. * **Secondary wall:** Forms after the primary wall as the cell reaches its final size. * This layer adds strength, stiffness, and rigidity to the cell wall. ### Functions of the cell wall * **Provides structural support and protection.** * **Helps in the absorption and movement of water and minerals.** * **Plays a crucial role in secreting enzymes (outside and inside).** * **Plays an important part in defense against diseases by producing antibodies.** **21** **- D. Mohamed Awes Badry 2024** * A diagram showing a cross section of three plant cells labeled with the following: - Cell wall - Middle lamella - Cytoplasm - Vacuole - Nucleolus - Nucleus ## Page 12 **11/12/2024** ### Cell to cell connection * The presence of a cell wall does not mean complete isolation between cells. * The living components are connected through thin cytoplasmic strands called plasmodesmata, which pass from one cell to another through openings within the cell wall. * These connections facilitate communication between cells and ensure uniformity of their activities. **23** **- D. Mohamed Awes Badry 2024** * A diagram showing cells connected by plasmodesmata in a plant tissue. * A diagram of a plant cell labeled with the following: - Cell wall - Plasma membrane - Nucleus - Nucleolus - Golgi Apparatus - Chloroplasts - Vacuole - Cytoplasm - Mitochondria - Plasmodesmata ## Page 13 **25** **- D. Mohamed Awes Badry 2024** * A thumbs up emoji labeled "إلى اللقاء" (see you again) **11/12/2024**