Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids Reactions PDF

 NAME REACTIONS OF THIS CHAPTER Gutterman - Koch reaction : 4110...

 NAME REACTIONS OF THIS CHAPTER Gutterman - Koch reaction : 4110 ☒ + CO + HCl Allez (2) Rosenmund Reaction : R - C - Cd + Ha É R - § _ µ 8 Benzaldehyde Benzoyl chloride ③ Reaction :( from nitrites and esters) ( R CN ) Stephen ≈ R EN - - R CEN - + Snllz + Hcl - R - G- N - H ¥s R - § - H H2O Imine t also R C -=N - DHs R - CHO , H2O (4) Clemmensen Reduction : Amalgam - > C=0 ¥8s > CH2 + H2O (5) Wolff kishner Reduction : Reagent : Hydrazine , sodium / Potassium hydroxide Ethylene glycol ,. > C=NNHÉÉ%' N " > o_0 A + 161 Aldol condensation : 2GHz - CHO ( Hz - CH - CH2- CHO ¥0s ( Hz - CHIH - CHO lots /Aldol condensation) Ctlz CH3 2443 - CO - CH } ( Hz - ¢ - CHIO Ctb - -7%-2 Ctlz - É=CH - CO - CH} OH / Aldol condemn ) (7) Cross Aldol condensation :(2 diff aide / keto reacts) Ethanol ( Hz - CHO CHz-ctt-CH-CHO-CHzctlz-CH-C-C.NO µ, + " ☐ Études { µ, too ?} pmaonkaewleof ( Hz CHZCHO simple self aldol prodv _¥* propanol - aldol CTFCHCHO / cross CHO CHI Ha Ctb y- CH - + - product - from 1- mole of Ethanol and propanol  IT ☒ - CHO + ☒ § - - Ctb ¥3k -CH=cH-% Benzalacetophenone (8) Canizzaoo Reaction ( self oxidn) : ( major product) Autooedox / disproportionation reaction base Reagent : conc. condition : x H - should be absent H H - C - H + conc. KOH - H - d- H + H - % - O - K 8 Potassium formate formaldehyde of Ph PHCOONA § - - H Ph - CHEON + alcohol sodium benzoate Benzyl 421 Etard Reaction : → by chromyl chloride ¢802 2) clocroitclzz * + Crack Lot Toluene chromium complex Benzaldehyde CH(010113) 4110 → A ] + GO } -16%020 ¥3k É ☒ (B) Decarboxylation : 3 : i 2- COOH R- H alkane 44 ] Hell volhaod Zelinsky Reaction : R R CH COOH ( ✗ =ce Bo) § ctk OH - - - - - , IT ) H2O ¥ acid ✗ Halocarboxylic - 4-H should be ☆ present -  PREPARATIONS PREPARATIONS OF ALDEHYDE AND KETONE : C) By oxidation of alcohols Aldehyde & ketone formed by 1° and 2° alcohol - (ch ID - (2) By dehydrogenation of alcohols volatile alcohols Industrial suitable for , application Alcohol vapours metals ( ch -11) passed by heavy - ③ From hydrocarbons zinc dust , (ch -13) Ozonolysis alkenes of , to get aldehyde and ketone - (4) of alkynes Hydration addn of H2O to ethyne in presence of Hzsoy and Hgsoy to give acetaldehyde , all alkyne give ketone - Ccn - ) 13 PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES : 4) from chloride (acid chloride ) acyl Rosen mund oxn ( already mentioned) (2) From nitriles and Esters → In nitrile Stephan reaction → " by DI BAL H - " → " " by : RCN %s R - CHO In esters : %-06145 % → CHz(CHz)q - CHz(CHz)q - - H (3) From Hydrocarbons : Aromatic aldehydes prep by aromatic hydrocarbon. d) By oxidation of methyl benzene a) Use of chromyl chloride Ccoozclz) lftard react ] " (0601411212 YH ÷ 1€ + Crack ☒ oxidise methyl group to chromium complex.  b) Use of chromic oxide "" + Coo, + (Cuzco), pcH(°Y¥¥ %) side chain chlorination followed By by hydrolysis : It is commercial method of manufacture of benzaldehyde.. [¥ᵗʰ→ ☒ 'ʰ¥o,s CH CHO , Benzoel Chloride Ii ) By Ga Herman - Koch - (mentioned earlier) PREPARATION OF KETONE : 4) From acyl chlorides : 2 R ✗ cdcdz Rzccl 2mg G) Cl Mg + - + - - ' Cl + Rzcd ' % Cdclz § 2 R - - - 212 - - R + ② from Nitrites : MY ☒ CH2- ( = N +6 Hsing Bo CH, CH, ) Ctb - C6H5 - - GHS - C µ, Propiophe none ③ From Benzene or substituted Benzene. Friede crafts acylation % " aka ox Ao / R É ce ¥ _ AHR ☒ - + -  CHEMICAL REACTIONS C) Nucleophilic Addition Reaction : f) Add " Of hydrogen cyanide CHCN) HCN :[ H2O - + OH N + / Yµ ) tetrahedral > ⇐◦ + EN = Intermediate % Add of sodium " hydrogen sulphite → forms addition products converted back to → Theyare water-soluble and mineral acid or alkali can be original carbonyl with dilute compound by treating. → Used for separation and purification of aldehyde. / OSUNA ¥0 + Namsos = %aH÷y Jc \ OH " BPsulphate add ccoystalline) compound Elis Addition Of Grignard Reagent - Ccm -11 ) Ev ' Addition of alcohols : "" R - CHO fr - cuff! ) R - ca ' OR ' + H2O Hldgas Acetal / gem Hemiacetal / alcohol intermediate dial Kong compound alkoxy R\C=o 4ᵗʰ OH Rlc 0 ctk - - / + H2O al + ← [ Hz OH- RI lo - , ketal Ethyl glycol Ethyl glycol 4) Addition of ammonia and its derivatives ¥-0 + Han - 2 / ¥z / → ¥ N - Z + H2O other 8in in textbook (Table 122 ) ② Reduction : E) Reduction to alcohols by } lialteyl catalytic EH "] reduced to 1° alcohol Aldehyde → NABH , / - alcohol → Ketone n n 2° by hydrogen  F) Reduction to hydrocarbons Clemmensen reduction and Wolff Kish neo Reduction ③ Oxidation : → Aldehydes are easily oxidised to carboxylic acid , potassium acid on treatment with : common oxidising agents : Nitric permanganate - , potassium dichromate R CHO - R - [ OOH mild : Totten 's and Feb lings reagent ketone oxidase under condition i. e. vigorous strong oxidising agents → and at elevated temperature. R - ith E- Étlz - - R R - COOH + R' CHZCOOH bond) ( by clevage of G - Cz *- R CHz( OOH - + R' COOH ( de of bond) by rage G- ↳ Totten 's test : Warm aldehyde with ammonia silver nitrate Hollen 's reagent, reagent → mirror is produced due to formation of silver metal a bright. alkaline med aldehyde oxpdpse to ion reaction in carboxylate → occurs. ,. R CHO - + 2 [ Ag ( Nhs)21++3015 - R COO - + 2 Ag +21120 + 4MHz %) fending 's Test : ↓ ↳ fending A fending B alk sodium potassium tartar ate aq copper sulphate → →.. 1 Rochelle 's salt) both mixed in heated aldehyde and brown formed → ppt.. → Aromatic compounds do not show this. R CHO 2 CU 2++5014 R COO Cuz 0 31420 - + - - + → + Red brown ppt  His Oxidation of halo form reaction : methyl ketones by R - %- CH} s R - % - Na + CHX, (✗ = Cd , Bo , ) I sodium nypohalite ' ¥3 Ctb / = , - - CH } → _ ON a + ctlscd Hzc § ( Hs § → Iodoform reaction with NAOI use for detection of CHIO gop or CHIH /OH) grp which produce CHIO by 10 ]. (4) Reaction due to a- Hydrogen : Aldol , cross aldol ( discussed earlier) - (5) Some other Reactions : Cannizaro %) Electrophilic substitution reaction : "" - CHO - CHO 273 -283K → Uses of aldehyde and ketone from Textbook  Carboxylic \ I \ Acid \ - \ PREPARATION : (1) from aldehydes : disused before ② from Primary alcohol : R CHZOH - Éo RCOOH 2. 1130 Hasoy ( acidic med) Jones Reagent Cross any = - ↳ CHz(CHz)gCHz0H Decanol ¥s CH3(CHz)g COOH Decanoic acid ③ From alkyl benzene : oxidised i and 2° alkyl group are not 3° ◦ OH '" 3-km.no#oy cookies Ctbltbltts " ' inks ☒ (4) from nitriles and amides : Nitrites → amides - COOH R - CN ¥¥s R - É - Nth É RCOOH egg Hz CONHZ ( Hᵗ¥ ( Hz ( OOH + NH} N#¥oH-s '◦ ◦" + NH} (5) From Grignard Reagents G. R. reacts with CO2 (0--5-0) R - ing - ✗ +0=0-0 ÷ R-cd-f.mg#+sRC00H (6) from acyl halides and anhydrides : -1¥ ce - RCOOH + Rcocd ¥1120s RCOO + ( d- RCOOH Hs ( 020 €0s 2 Cotes COOH Benzoic acid Benzoic anhydride ↳ Hs (00C OCH } ¥ 611s COOH + ( Hz COOH Benzoic ethanol anhydride (7) from Esters : Ester ÑY "" COOH + OH ÉᵈÉ Ester carboxylate COOH [ 004M¥ (°°"+GHsOH benzoate Ethyl ( Hzctkctkcoocztls - ( Hzctfzctlz (OONA + Cz Hs OH ↓ 1430 ( Hzctlzctk COOH  CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF Carboxylic Acid : Reactions involving devage of O H - bond : 4) Acidity → Reactions with metals and alkalies : Nat - 212 - COOH +2 Na - ZR - COO + Hz sodium carboxylate R COOH + NaOH R COO Nat H2O - - - - + Nai coz - R- COOH + NAHCO} - R - COO + H2O + Reactions involving derage of C- OH bond : formation of 4) anhydride Cµ Ht D " ° Ctb , CH + Ctb 7g } - Hzc - } - - , 1305 Ethanol is Ethanoic anhydride acid (2) Esterification : ' RCOOH + R' OH RCOOR + H2O ③ Reactions with : RCOOH + Pcds - RCOCI -1 Pock + HCl 3. RCOOH + Pcd } - 3Rcocd + 431003 ROOM + sock → RCOCD + 502 + HCl (4) Reactions with Ammonia : CHz(OOH + NH } ← CH} COO - ÑHY ¥0s CHzC0Ntk Ammonium acetate Acetamide Month CONHZ Nts ☒ _¥s Ammonium Benzamide Benzoate  COE NHI COOH / \/ + Nᵗʰ ] ' Coo NHI - cool, Ammonium phthalate Pthalic acid ON H2 # / NH heat C- NHA ☒ 10MHz " phthalamiae ◦ Phthalimde Reactions involving - COOH group : 4) Reduction → Diborane do not easily reduce functional group like ester nitro , , heal;. → sodium borohydoate do not reduce carboxyl gop. R-foote-ketherr-ctgoHE.li Hzot , (2) Decarboxylation 3: I R - [ OONA Ñ R - H + Nastos also → Kolbe 's electrolysis. substitution Reaction in Hydrocarbon Part 4) Halogenation Hell V01 hard Zelinsky Rxn (2) Ring substitution cools 40011 A cone ☒ no. COOH É I - Bo